MIXD
clips from first files.
for different reasons.
for different uses.
clips became files:
PROJECT1: from mr4 z's for th-4, g1
NOTES: airwels1.txt z's rexresearch.com
NOTES3: bagel.txt z's bagelhole.org\dewponds
NOTES2: 1e-7, 1c-2, 1c-5, klaphake, cherk, 1d-ang
NOTES4: 1e-15.txt build mold z's
old: - - - -
My-water: first sorting
My-wateb: more sorting
my-wapic: sorting pics into types
g1g2g3.txt: sorting by difficulty-level
-
all these files should be here.
see comments.
-
7 comments:
MIXD
clips from first files.
for different reasons.
for different uses.
clips became files:
PROJECT1: from mr4 z's for th-4, g1
NOTES: airwels1.txt z's rexresearch.com
NOTES3: bagel.txt z's bagelhole.org\dewponds
NOTES2: 1e-7, 1c-2, 1c-5, klaphake, cherk, 1d-ang
NOTES4: 1e-15.txt build mold z's
old: - - - -
My-water: first sorting
My-wateb: more sorting
my-wapic: sorting pics into types
g1g2g3.txt: sorting by difficulty-level
-
the above files should be here.
jump to it.
-
project1.txt - - - - airwell1.gif, v5-20-06 4pm, info gathered to its construction. A branch of dew5-06\read-mr4.txt
from rexresearch.com\airwel ?
focus of project1.txt is 5-06\g1 pics only, the four.
how to study:
1.collect data, 2.mix info, 3.text resulting ideas
3.break idea into parts, un-mix words, 1.explain parts.
key words:
dehumidifer condenser, airwell dewpond fog-fence, evaporate condense air-condition car-parts refridgeration concept ,thermally-insulated radiative ,specific heat , latent condensation heat, joules gram,collector, polyethylene film containing micro-particles of titanium-oxide, maximum-yield, faces west,morning-time, atmospheric-temperature, is closest to the dew-point, July-December
key concepts or principle:
-substrate can be cooled to various degrees by radiation or conduction,
-t17-z50 priciple and conclusion?
a big heap of stones would do the same thing
- how does vicktor schauberger concepts relate?
-t17-z51 sun-heated suction pipes.
-Two main forms of dew condensers have been developed. t17-z52-z56
1.massive and 2.light weight, thermally insulated radiative condensers that radiate heat quickly.
-t17-z53
massive dew collectors,"produce very high specific heat to maintain their temperature as constant as possible despite latent condensation heat levels" (2500 Joules per gram at 20Ý C),
exchanges between the foundation? and the atmosphere... the yield decreases dramatically when the mass to surface ratio increases
z54 -Natural radiative cooling is limited to between 25 and 150 W/m2 at night. After compensating for latent condensation heat, the ideal maximum yield could not be over 1 liter per sq. m. One acre could produce several hundred gallons each night. Thus, according to D. Beysens, et al., the ideal dew collector...
a polyethylene film containing micro-particles of titanium oxide that produces 100 ml/day on 1.44 sq. m. (Ref. 8-12)
-z55 -OPUR has developed a commercial model (CRSQ-250) that is available in a portable kit
Beysens, radiative aerial foil dew collector (10 x 3 m at a 30Ý angle) The collector faces west to allow dew recovery during the early morning, at which time atmospheric temperature is closest to the dew point. 0.1-0.4 liters/m2. from July-December 2000.
t17-z56 Israelis irrigated plants dew condensers constructed of polyethylene.and? foil condensers to irrigate saplings.
-t17z58z59 an underground air well using the ground as a heat sink:
pipe (10 ft long), terminating just near the ground... This is an advantage because the greatest humidity in the atmosphere is near the surface."
-t17z59
...The yield depends on the amount of air and its relative and specific humidity, and the soil temperature, thermal conductivity, and moisture.
- - - - main -cliped as red4need
- jump to content:
t14-z5z13-15: (notes2.txt)
greatest enemy is the wind since it heats the condensation surface. Inverted conical structures reminiscent of Zibold's condenser have recently been tested in Benin.
t15-z6 (notes3.txt)
walls are from 8 to 10 feet thick to prevent the heat radiation from the ground from influencing the inside temperature.
t15-z7
...a mushroom-like inner core of concrete...studded with rows of slates to increase the cooling surface....The air, chilled by the contact, gives up its moisture upon the slates. As it cools, it gets heavier and descends, finally leaving the chamber by way of the lower ducts. Meanwhile the moisture trickles from the slates and falls into a collecting basin at the bottom
t15-z8
10 x 10 x 8 ft, ...filled with pieces of limestone (5-10 cm) that condensed the atmospheric vapor and collected it in a reservoir...the condensing surface must be rough, and the surface tension sufficiently low that thecondensed water can drip. ...The low interior temperature is established by reradiation at night and by the lower temperature of the soil. Air flow was controlled by plugging or opening the vent holes as necessary...a pile of sea pebbles(10-40 cm diam.), 20 meters in diameter and 1.15 meters high. The construction yielded up to 360 liters/day ... The entrance pipe is 3-inch diameter PVC pipe (10 ft long), terminating just near the ground... A heat exchanger at or near subsurface temperature... is in air communication with the atmosphere for allowing atmospheric moisture-laden air to enter, pass through, cool, arrive at its dew point, allow the moisture to precipitate out, and allow the air to pass outward to the atmosphere again. Suitable apparatus may be provided to restrict air flow and allow sufficient residence time of the air in the heat exchanger to allow sufficient precipitation...This is an advantage because the greatest humidity in the atmosphere is near the surface
t15-z9 ...a cyclone separator to precipitate dust before the air enters the pipe. In addition, a flow restrictor device can beinstalled before the exit port...yield depends on the amount of air and its relative and specific humidity, and the soil temperature, thermal conductivity, and moisture. Acoustic resonance, or a fan? within the pipes might enhance condensation. The more recent invention of acoustic refrigeration could be used to advantage, as well as the Hilsch-Ranque vortex tube...
t15-z10
saline...The residual brine also is of great value to chemical industry and in the construction of solar ponds...
the whole idea:
It is known that for a given temperature a given volume of air may not contain more than a certain quantity of water vapor. When it contains this quantity it is said to have reached its saturation point. Moreover, this point varies with the temperature, and the cooler the air, the less water vapor it may contain for a given volume."Consequently, when a relatively warm volume of moist air is cooled to a sufficiently low temperature, it yields the water it contained in excess over the quantity permitted by
the saturation point at the temperature to which it has been cooled."...
need:
-In a continuous process of producing fresh water, it is necessary to absorb the heat derived from the warm moist air at a speed corresponding to the rate of cooling..."Coanda recommended that the condenser be buried so the earth could absorb the heat:"For example, one cubic meter of air from a wind whose temperature is about 40oC can contain up to about 50 grams of water vapor; if the wind is forced to enter a certain space by passing along... a radiator in which a fluid circulates at the temperature existing 7 or 8 meters below the round level, that is of about 11oC, this wind will immediately precipitate on the radiator walls the portion of the water content which is in excess of that permitted by its saturation point at the cooler temperature, that is, about 40 grams per cubic meter of air, as the saturation point of air at 11oC is 10 grams per cubic meter. The heat given off, which must be carried away by the fluid in the radiator, represents approximately 32 calories for said one cubic meter of air...
t15-z14 humidity boost:
It is advisable to pass the fluid through a second radiator of larger dimension disposed in the ground at a certain depth."If the humidity of the warm air is definitely below 50 grams of water per cubic meter, that is, if the air is far from its saturation limit, and if the device for obtaining fresh
water is disposed near the sea, it is possible to use [windmills] for spraying sea water into the warm air in fine droplets, thereby increasing the amount of water contained in the warm air through the partial evaporation of the sea water thereinto.."(Figures 5, 6)00800000.gif + 9 graph+windmill?
- - t17-z36,38,45,52 (airwellsm.txt)
t17-z36z37z38z39
10,000 feet square and 30-40 feet tall, on hilltops...remains of 3-inch diameter terracotta pipes about the piles, leading to wells and fountins in the city,....condenser was surrounded by a 1-meter wall, 20 meters wide, around a bowl-shaped collection area with drainage. He used sea stones (10-40 cm diameter) piled 6 meters high in a truncated cone that was 8 meters diameter across the top. It began to operate in 1912 with a maximum daily production of 360 liters....working on a large scale, due to a fortuitous combination of circumstances. The shape of the stone pile allowed sufficient radiative cooling with only minimal thermal contact between the stones. Thus the ratio of condensation mass to surface area was sufficient to enable dew to condense within the pile.
the three: temp. pressure. humidity (one changed effects the other two)...The term Relative Humidity (RH) is the ration of the partial pressure and saturation pressure: HR = p/ps. The saturation pressure and the carrying capacity of air increases with the air temperature and pressure.
z40 -When a suitable substrate is available and its temperature is below the dew point, dew can form and be collected. The substrate can be cooled to various degrees by radiation or conduction to the ground or atmosphere, best during the night. The process of cooling by radiation is of course inhibited during daylight hours. The process of condensation releases latent heat which must be dissipated.
z41 -With suchc principles in mind, the Belgian inventor Achille Knapen built an air well
knapens airwell explained: t17- z42-z45
Chaptal's Air Well exp:t17z45-z46
z47
Maimonides, a Spaniard who wrote in the Arabic language about 1,000 years ago. In his description of Palestine, Maimonides mentions the use of water condensers there.
t17-z48
wolf Klaphake summarized his own experiments as follows:
z48 "A better method consisted in selecting a mountain slope, smoothing it with cementitious or other material apt to make the surface watertight, and covering it with an insulating material, so that the cover formed over the area a canopy or roof which was supported by pillars or ridges. The sides of the canopy were closed, whereas the upper and lower ends were left open by constructing holes or vents to allow the air to pass under the roof. This construction proved to be very successful, as the cooling surface of the inner part was highly effective. The disadvantage was that the structure was very expensive, and so a return was made to the block house type.
wolf 2
z49 "Many types of building were tried, but that finally adopted was a sugarloaf- shaped building, about 50 ft high, with walls at least 6 ft thick, with holes on the top and at the bottom, the inner surface being enlarged by a network of walls of a material with great surface. The outer wall is made of concrete to be able to take up a great amount of thermal units, the inner surface consists of sandstone or any other porous material. z15 The building produces water during the day and cools itself during the night; when the sun rises, the warm air is drawn through the upper holes into the building by the out-flowing cooler air, becomes cooled on the cold surface, deposits its water, which then oozes down and is collected somewhere underneath. It is wrong to think that this process works only on days with dew, as the inner surface becomes much cooler than one should expect. In Dalmatia, that day was a rare exception which failed to produce water.
t17-z50 priciple and conclusion:
z50 "The essential principle in obtaining water from the air has thus been shown to be - -- a great water condensing surface which must be well protected against the heat of the sun and at the same time it is necessary that the air should pass to the condensing surface slowly, in order that it may cool properly and so deposit its water. The conclusion of this is --- that a big heap of stones would do the same thing as the above-described buildings." (Ref. 6)
t17-z51
z51 Oleg Bernikov received Russian Patent # 2,190,448 for an "Independent Complex for Separating Moisture from Air", for use near seas. The construction contains two levels of pebbles separated by a water-permeable floor...(explained)sun-heated suction pipes.
t17-z52-z56
z52 -Two main forms of dew condensers have been developed. The first is characterized as massive (such as the designs by Klaphake and Zibold), which maintain a fairly constant temperature by producing very high specific heat. non- profit International Organization For Dew Utilization (OPUR), shows best materials for the collection of atmospheric humidity should be light weight, thermally insulated radiative condensers that radiate heat quickly. materials available til recently.
z53 -Nikolayev, have shown that for massive dew collectors, which "produce very high specific heat to maintain their temperature as constant as possible despite latent condensation heat levels" (2500 Joules per gram at 20Ý C), and "taking into account the different exchanges between the foundation? and the atmosphere... the yield decreases dramatically when the mass to surface ratio increases". (Ref. 7)
z54 -Natural radiative cooling is limited to between 25 and 150 W/m2 at night. After compensating for latent condensation heat, the ideal maximum yield could not be over 1 liter per sq. m. One acre could produce several hundred gallons each night. Thus, according to D. Beysens, the ideal dew collector would be a "radiative aerial condenser", M. Nilsson, tested a polyethylene film containing micro-particles of titanium oxide that produces 100 ml/day on 1.44 sq. m. (Ref. 8-12)
z55 -OPUR has developed a commercial model (CRSQ-250) that is available in a portable kit which includes a foldable condenser, operating manual, a computer program for data recording, 30-days technical assistance.
Beysens, et al., have constructed an experimental radiative aerial foil dew collector (10 x 3 m at a 30Ý angle) at the Vignola lab, The collector faces west to allow dew recovery during the early morning, at which time atmospheric temperature is closest to dew point. The system collected 0.1-0.4 liters/m2. from July-December ,Figure 25 ~ FogQuest Dew Collector (Vignola, Corsica):
z56 -1960s, Israelis irrigated plants ,dew condensers ,of polyethylene. 1980s specially prepared foil condensers to irrigate saplings. (Refs. 13, 14)
t17-z57 Going under-ground:
z57 Sahara Desert, miles of underground passages called "foggaras" , dug into the sides of mountains. The tunnels connect with the surface through an air vent every 75 feet or so, serving to collect humidity and seepage. Similar in Afghanistan, and have served to hide the movement of troops from observation by Soviets and Americans.
-Calice Courneya device explained
t17z58z59 an underground air well (USP # 4,351,651)using the ground as a heat sink:
-"The air well is buried about 9 feet deep. The entrance pipe is 3-inch diameter PVC pipe (10 ft long), terminating just near the ground... This is an advantage because the greatest humidity in the atmosphere is near the surface." (explained z59)
t17z60 inhancements:
z60 -Acoustic resonance within the pipes might enhance condensation. ,acoustic refrigeration could be used to advantage, the Hilsch-Ranque vortex tube. Oscar Blomgren's Electrostatic Cooling (USP # 3,224,492 and # 3,872,917) , simplicity and high efficiency. Passive solar-heated water-ammonia intermittent absorption refrigeration also could augment the yield of water in a desert environment.
z61 -Courneya's design is similar to Walter Rogers' earlier USP # 4,234,037, issued for an "Underground Heating and Cooling System", which includes a water trap. (Figure 28)Figure 28 ~ Walters' USP # 4,234,037:
z62-In the 1950s, the French inventor Henri Coanda designed an elegant method to desalinate water in Morocco (USP #2,803,591). He built a silo with reflective walls, mounted several inches over a tidal pool, angled so as to catch and multiply the sunlight, thus superheating the air in the chimney. The rising hot air drew in cold air from the bottom, and became super-saturated with moisture by the time it reached the top. Pure water flowed from the condensers there. The residual brine also is of great value to chemical industry and in the construction of solar ponds. The French government forced Coanda to cease operations because his device threatened their monopoly on salt production. (Figure 29)Figure 29 ~ Coanda's USP # 2,803,591:
z63 -Coanda also received USP # 2,761,292 for his "Device for Obtaining Drinkable Water" from the saturated air of sea coasts. He recommended that the condenser be buried so the earth could absorb the heat through a double radiator:
-"For example, one cubic meter of air from a wind whose temperature is about 40o C can contain up to about 50 grams of water vapor; if the wind is forced to enter a certain space by passing along... a radiator in which a fluid circulates at the temperature existing 7 or 8 meters below the round level, that is of about 11o C, this wind will immediately precipitate on the radiator walls the portion of the water content which is in excess of that permitted by its saturation point at the cooler temperature, that is, about 40 grams per cubic meter of air, as the saturation point of air at 11o C is 10 grams per cubic meter. The heat given off, which must be carried away by the fluid in the radiator, represents approximately 32 calories for said one cubic meter of air... It is advisable to pass the fluid through a second radiator of larger dimension disposed in the ground at a certain depth.
z64 -"If the humidity of the warm air is definitely below 50 grams of water per cubic meter, that is, if the air is far from its saturation limit, and if the device for obtaining fresh water is disposed near the sea, it is possible to use [windmills] for spraying sea water into the warm air in fine droplets, thereby increasing the amount of water contained in the warm air through the partial evaporation of the sea water thereinto." (Figures 30 & 31)Figure 30 ~ Water in Air:Figure 31 ~ Coanda's Air Well:
z65 -Seawater as a coolant; deep-sea water (at 4.5Ý C from 500 meters) pumped to cool a heat exchanger which is humidified with seawater and exposed to air currents. Such a system is installed at the Ukraine Maritime Hydrophysics Institute. It requires, however, several KW/m2/day to operate. Wave-power pumps could be implemented to eliminate the associated fuel costs. (Refs. 16, 17)
z66 -dehumidify the air to produce potable water, but they all require electrical power. Soviet space station Mir, The Aqua-Cycle, invented by William Madison, marketed since 1992. resembles a drinking fountain , contains a refrigerated dehumidifier and a triple-purification system (carbon, deionization, and UV light)... water as pure as triple-distilled. At... (80o/60% humidity) 5 gallons daily (US Patents # 6,644,060 ~ # 6,490,879). sold by Vapair Technologies, Inc. www.vapair.com ; 1- 866-233-0296)Figure 32 ~ "Vap-Air" Humidity Condenser:US Patents,Francis Forsberg's European Patent # EP 1,142... a similar system. patents, dehumidifiers, the thermoelectric Peltier Effect: USP # 2,779,172, # 2,919,553, #-more
z67 -Another method: dessicants
use of hygroscopic dessicants such as silica gel or zeolite. The dessicant is regenerated by heating and the water vapor is condensed. The considerable energy requirements for such systems can be ameliorated by solar-heated intermittent absorption or zeolite refrigeration systems such as have been developed in recent years. patents (www.rexresearch.com/ airwell2/airwell2.htm and .../interefr/ patents.htm ): US Patent # 2,more
-no end-
notes.txt - - - - for 3-06\11th\airwel.htm study \ airwell.htm of 3-06\ 6th , v5-13-06 verses z1 z2 z3 etc for dew5-06 study
see pics, links, and pat# listed 'in' this htm and airwell2.htm
z1 - - - content: Introduction, Mechanical Methods, Electromagnetic Methods, Chemical Methods, Orgone & Scalar Methods, Air Wells, Dew Ponds, Fog Fences, References
z2 - - - Introduction:Humans must drink about a gallon of water every day to remain alive. Modern urbanites easily consume 100 gal/day by bathing, laundering, and watering lawns, etc. If groundwater or rain is not available, there are several little-known alternative methods to obtain fresh water by condensing atmosphere humidity. We live in a dilute ocean of aerial moisture. There are also real "sky rivers" full of fresh water from which we can draw.
z3 - - - key-words: methods to condense atmospheric humidity, airwell dew-pond fog-fence
z4 - - - content: use search-find on these words to jump chapters.
jump words: notes.txt, content, Introduction, key-words, content, about, concepts, inventors, dew-pond, fog-fence (none), end-note- - - about airwells.htm:
- rexresearch.com
Air Wells: Methods for Recovery of Atmospheric Humidity by Robert A. Nelson 2003
[See also: Wolf Klaphake: Practical Methods for Condensation of Water from the Atmosphere ~ Recovery of Atmospheric Water (Patents)
z5 - - - concepts:
- other methods: dew-pond and fog-fences are not justly explained, see airwell.htm
- The ancient question, "Does dew rises from the soil by evaporation or precipitates by condensation from the air?" first was posed by Aristotle. John Aitken proved in 1885 that dew rises or falls as conditions allow. He also determined the favorable conditions for the formation of dew: (1) a radiating surface, (2) still air, and (3) moist, warm earth. The ability of materials to capture dew depends on their specific heats. The best material is swan's down, followed by flax or cotton, silk, paper, straw, wool, earth, charcoal, silica sand, and powdered chalk. leaves?
-Two main forms of dew condensers have been developed. The first is characterized as massive (such as designs by Klaphake and Zibold), which maintain a fairly constant temperature by producing very high specific heat. Modern research conducted by the non- profit International Organization For Dew Utilization (OPUR), however, shows that the best materials for the collection of atmospheric humidity should be light weight, thermally insulated radiative condensers that radiate heat quickly. Such materials were not widely available until recently. eg. 120v dehumidifier parts.
- Natural radiative cooling is limited to between 25 and 150 W/m2 at night. After compensating for latent condensation heat, the ideal maximum yield could not be over 1 liter per sq. m. One acre could produce several hundred gallons each night. Thus, according to D. Beysens, et al., the ideal dew collector would be a "radiative aerial condenser" (the basic form of flowers and leaves?) such as developed by M. Nilsson, who has tested a polyethylene film containing micro-particles of titanium oxide that produces 100 ml/day on 1.44 sq. m. (Ref. 8-12)
- There are several patents extant for glorified air conditioners that dehumidify the air to produce potable water, but they all require electrical power.
- remains of 3-inch diameter terracotta pipes
- bowl-shaped (egg?) collection area with drainage
- "If the humidity of the warm air is definitely below 50 grams of water per cubic meter, that is, if the air is far from its saturation limit, and if the device for obtaining fresh water is disposed near the sea, it is possible to use [windmills] for spraying sea water into the warm air in fine droplets, thereby increasing the amount of water contained in the warm air through the partial evaporation of the sea water thereinto." (Figures 30 & 31)
-The yield depends on the amount of air and its relative and specific humidity, and the soil temperature, thermal conductivity, and moisture.
-Acoustic resonance within the pipes might enhance condensation. The more recent invention of acoustic refrigeration could be used to advantage, as well as the Hilsch-Ranque vortex tube. Oscar Blomgren's invention of Electrostatic Cooling (USP # 3,224,492 and # 3,872,917) also is recommended for its simplicity and high efficiency. Passive solar-heated water-ammonia intermittent absorption refrigeration also could augment the yield of water in a desert environment.
- Chaptal found that the condensing surface must be rough, and the surface tension sufficiently low that the condensed water can drip. The incoming air must be moist and damp. The low interior temperature is established by reradiation at night and by the lower temperature of the soil. Air flow was controlled by plugging or opening the vent holes as necessary. (Ref. 5)(Figure 23)
- "A better method consisted in selecting a mountain slope, smoothing it with cementitious or other material apt to make the surface watertight, and covering it with an insulating material, so that the cover formed over the area a canopy or roof which was supported by pillars or ridges. The sides of the canopy were closed, whereas the upper and lower ends were left open by constructing holes or vents to allow the air to pass under the roof. This construction proved to be very successful, as the cooling surface of the inner part was highly effective. The disadvantage was that the structure was very expensive, and so a return was made to the block house type. "Many types of building were tried, but that finally adopted was a sugarloaf-shaped building, about 50 ft high, with walls at least 6 ft thick,"The essential principle in obtaining water from the air has thus been shown to be --- a great water condensing surface which must be well protected against the heat of the sun and at the same time it is necessary that the air should pass to the condensing surface slowly, in order that it may cool properly and so deposit its water. The conclusion of this is --- that a big heap of stones would do the same thing as the above-described buildings." (Ref. 6)
- OPUR has developed a commercial model (CRSQ-250) that is available in a portable kit www.opur.u-bordeaux.fr
- Israelis irrigated plants dew condensers constructed of polyethylene. A similar method was developed in the 1980s using specially prepared foil condensers to irrigate saplings. (Refs. 13, 14)
- "foggaras" that have been dug into the sides of mountains. The tunnels connect with the surface through an air vent every 75 feet or so, serving to collect humidity and seepage.
- - - links: International Organization For Dew Utilization ] http://www.opur.u-bordeaux.fr/index.htm , vapair.com, rexresearch.com (airwel2.htm
z6 - - - inventors with specificatins:
- Zibold's Air Well - www.opur.u-bordeaux.fr/index.htm rexresearch.com
- Belgian inventor Achille Knapen built "Puits Aerien" described in Popular Mechanics Magazine, thus:Figure 18 ~ Knapen's Air Well:Figure 19 ~ Knapen's USP # 1,816,592:Figure 20 ~ Knapen's Air Well,682352a0.gif Improved:Figure 21 ~ Knapen's Wall-Attached Air Well: Popular Science Magazine -March 1933,
- Leon Chaptal, director of the French Agricultural Physics and Bioclimatology Station at Montpellier, who built a small air well near Montpellier in 1929 after being inspired in turn by the work of Zibold.
- Wolf Klaphake 1920s and 30s. Klaphake began to study air wells after he read the works of
- Maimonides, a Spaniard who wrote in the Arabic language about 1,000 years ago. In his description of Palestine, Maimonides mentions the use of water condensers there.
- Oleg Bernikov received Russian Patent # 2,190,448 for an "Independent Complex for Separating Moisture from Air", for use near seas. The construction contains two levels of pebbles separated by a water-permeable floor. Wet air is pumped from the surface through intake pipes into low-pressure cavities in the pebble beds created by sun-heated suction pipes. Moisture settles on the pebbles and drains into a reservoir. Bernikov states that "Because the floor is constantly wet, it reduces the temperature of the lower level of pebbles to and below the dew point, which results in intensive backflow of moisture into the water collector." (Figure 24)
- In 1982, Calice Courneya patented an underground air well (USP # 4,351,651) that employs the same principle of using the ground as a heat sink:This is an advantage because the greatest humidity in the atmosphere is near the surface." At 90oF and 80% Relative Humidity (RH), the air well yields about 60 lb water daily. At 20% RH, the yield is only about 3 lb/day. The yield is even lower at lower temperatures.
- ! Courneya's design is similar to Walter Rogers' earlier USP # 4,234,037, issued for an "Underground Heating and Cooling System", which includes a water trap. (Figure 28)Figure 28 ~ Walters' USP # 4,234,037:
- French inventor Henri Coanda designed an elegant method to desalinate water in Morocco (USP #2,803,591) The French government forced Coanda to cease operations because his device threatened their monopoly on salt production. (Figure 29)Coanda also received USP # 2,761,292 for his "Device for Obtaining Drinkable Water" from the saturated air of sea coasts.
- Soviet cosmonauts aboard space station Mir used a system that recovered water from the air. The Aqua-Cycle, invented by William Madison, has been marketed since 1992. It resembles a drinking fountain and functions as such, but it is not connected to any plumbing. It contains a refrigerated dehumidifier and a triple-purification system (carbon, deionization, and UV light) that produces water as pure as triple-distilled. Under optimal operating conditions (80o/ 60% humidity) the unit can produce up to 5 gallons daily (US Patents # 6,644,060 ~ # 6,490,879). The devices are sold by Vapair Technologies, Inc (Sandy, UT) for about $2500. (www.vapair.com ; 1-866-233-0296)
- US Patents # 6,182,453 and # 6,490,879 were granted for such a design. Francis Forsberg's European Patent # EP 1,142,835 describes a similar system. Several other patents have been granted for various forms of dehumidifiers, employing for example the the thermoelectric Peltier Effect: USP # 2,779,172, # 2,919,553, # 2,944,404, # 3,740,959, # 4,315,599, # 4,506,510, etc. (Figures 33 - 36)
- Another promising method to collect atmospheric humidity makes use of hygroscopic dessicants such as silica gel or zeolite. The dessicant is regenerated by heating and the water vapor is condensed. The considerable energy requirements for such systems can be ameliorated by solar-heated intermittent absorption or zeolite refrigeration systems such as have been developed in recent years. Several patents have been granted for various embodiments of this technique (www.rexresearch.com/airwell2/airwell2.htm and .../interefr/ patents.htm ): US Patent # 2,138,689 ~ # 2,462,952 ~ # 3,400,515 ~ # 4,146,372 ~ # 4,219,341 ~ # 4,242,112 ~ # 4,285,702 ~ # 4,304,577 ~ # 4,342,569 ~ # 4,345,917 ~ # 5,846,296, etc. (Figures 37, 38)
- other method: The water collectors known as "dew ponds" on the highest ridges of England's bleak Sussex Downs and on the Marlborough and Wiltshire Hills, and connected to castle walls. They always contain some water that apparently condenses from the air during the night. Gilbert White described a dew pond at Selbourne (south of London), only 3 feet deep and 30 feet in diameter, that contained some 15,000 gallons of water which supplied 300 sheep and cattle every day without fail.
Investigations by UNEP (1982) and by Pacey and Cullis (1986) confused dew precipitation with rainfall --- two different processes. The ponds may also collect fog. (Ref 18)
Edward A. Martin proved that dew ponds are not filled by precipitated dew because the water usually is warmer than the air, so no dew could be deposited. He concluded that mist condenses on the water already in the pond, or else the grass collects dew which gravitates to the bottom and forms a pond. Both mechanisms probably are active.
z7 - - - dew-ponds: info (that may directly aid you in construction): dewponds: found on the highest ridges of England's bleak Sussex Downs and on the Marlborough and Wiltshire Hills, Gilbert White described a dew pond at Selbourne (south of London), only 3 feet deep and 30 feet in diameter, Investigations by UNEP (1982) and by Pacey and Cullis (1986),Edward A. Martin, John Aitken proved in 1885, Arthur J. Hubbard described a dew pond in his book Neolithic Dew-Ponds and Cattleways (1907), situation in a sufficiently dry soil, will always contains water. The water is not derived from springs or rainfall, and is speedily lost if even the smallest rivulet is allowed to flow into the pond.
"The gang of dew-pond makers commence operations by hollowing out the earth for a space far in excess of the apparent requirements of the proposed pond. They then thickly cover the whole of the hollow with a coating of dry straw. The straw in turn is covered by a layer of well-chosen, finely puddled clay, and the upper surface of the clay is then closely strewn with stones. Care has to be taken that the margin of the straw is effectively protected by clay. The pond will eventually become filled with water, the more rapidly the larger it is, even though no rain may fall. If such a structure is situated on the summit of a down, during the warmth of a summer day the earth will have stored a considerable amount of heat, while the pond, protected from this heat by the non-conductivity of the straw, is at the same time chilled by the process of evaporation from the puddled clay. The consequence is that during the night the warm air is condensed on the surface of the cold clay. As the condensation during the night is in excess of the evaporation during the day, the pond becomes, night by night, gradually filled. Theoretically, we may observe that during the day, the air being comparatively charged with moisture, evaporation is necessarily less than the precipitation during the night. In practice it is found that the pond will constantly yield a supply of the purest water.
"The dew pond will cease to attract the dew if the layer of straw should get wet, as it then becomes of the same temperature as the surrounding earth, and ceases to be a non- conductor of heat. This practically always occurs if a spring is allowed to flow into the pond, or if the layer of clay (technically called the 'crust') is pierced."
z8 Additional construction details were explained in Scientific American (May 1934):
"An essential feature of the dew-pond is its impervious bottom, enabling it to retain all the water it gathers, except what is lost by evaporation, drunk by cattle, or withdrawn by man. The mode of construction varies in some details. The bottom commonly consists of a layer of puddled chalk or clay, over which is strewn a layer of rubble to prevent perforation by the hoofs of animals. A layer of straw is often added, above or below the chalk or clay. The ponds may measure from 30 to 70 feet across, and the depth does not exceed three or four feet.? (Figures 39 & 40)(Ref. 19)dewpond0.gif 1dewpond.gif
( Photo: Chris Drury )
Edward A. Martin also described their construction in his book Dew Ponds (London, 1917). In particular, he notes that in order to ram the clay and puddle the surface, horses are driven round and through the pond for several hours. The base of the pond is planted with grass; without grass, the pond dries up. Trees and brush are planted around the pond to provide shade.
The simplest form of dew pond is used in Cornwall, where areas of about 40 square feet are prepared on mountain slopes by coating the ground with clay and surrounding it with a small wall. The clay is covered with a thick layer of straw that collects dew during the night. Straw is said to be more effective than grass for the purpose. Since the straw is moist both day and night, it rots quickly and must be replaced frequently.(Ref. 20)
In his book, The Naturalist on the Thames, published circa 1900, C. J. Cornish gave a description of British dew ponds, excerpted here:
?The dew ponds, so called because they are believed to be fed by dew and vapours, and not by rain, have kept their water, while the deeper ponds in the valleys have often failed. The shepherds on the downs are careful observers of these ponds, because if they run dry they have to take their sheep to a distance or draw water for them from very deep wells. They maintain that there are on the downs some dew ponds which have never been known to run dry. Others which do run dry do so because the bottom is injured by driving sheep into them and so perforating the bed when the water is shallow, and not from the failure of the invisible means of supply. There seem to be two sources whence these ponds draw water, the dew and the fogs...
?The fogs will draw up the hollows towards the ponds, and hang densely round them. Fog and dew may or may not come together; but generally there is a heavy dew deposit on the grass when a fog lies on the hills. After such fogs, though rain may not have fallen for a month, and there is no water channel or spring near the dew pond, the water in it rises prodigiously...
?The shepherds say that it is always well to have one or two trees hanging over the pond, for that these distil the water from the fog. This is certainly the case. The drops may be heard raining on to the surface in heavy mists.?
z9 Cornish quoted Gilbert White?s Journal of May, 1775:??[I]t appears that the small and even the considerable ponds in the vales are now dried up, but the small ponds on the very tops of the hills are but little affected?. Can this difference be accounted for by evaporation alone, which is certainly more prevalent in the bottoms? Or, rather, have not these elevated pools some unnoticed recruits, which in the night time counterbalance the waste of the day? " These unnoticed recruits, though it is now certain that they come in the form of those swimming vapours from which little moisture seems to fall, are enlisted by means still not certainly known. The common explanation was that the cool surface of the water condensed the dew, just as the surface of a glass of iced water condenses moisture. The ponds are always made artificially in the first instance, and puddled with clay and chalk.
?Mr. Clement Reid? notes his own experiences of the best sites for dew ponds. They should, he thinks, be sheltered on the south-west by an overhanging tree. In those he is acquainted with the tree is often only a stunted, ivy-covered thorn or oak, or a bush of holly, or else the southern bank is high enough to give shadow. ?When one of these ponds is examined in the middle of a hot summer's day?, he adds, ?it would appear that the few inches of water in it could only last a week. But in early morning, or towards evening, or whenever a sea-mist drifts in, there is a continuous drip from the smooth leaves of the overhanging tree. There appears also to be a considerable amount of condensation on the surface of the water itself, though the roads may be quite dry and dusty. In fact, whenever there is dew on the grass the pond is receiving moisture?.
?Though this is evidently the case, no one has explained how it comes about that the pond surface receives so very much more moisture than the grass. The heaviest dew or fog would not deposit an inch, or even two inches, of water over an area of grass equal to that of the pond. None of the current theories of dew deposits quite explain this very interesting question. Two lines of inquiry seem to be suggested, which might be pursued side by side. These are the quantities distilled or condensed on the ponds, and the means by which it is done; and secondly, the kind of tree which, in Gilbert White's phrase, forms the best "alembic" for distilling water from fog at all times of the year. It seems certain that the tree is an important piece of machinery in aid of such ponds, though many remain well supplied without one.?
z10 Another form of dew pond was invented by S.B. Russell in the 1920s. According to the description in Popular Science (September 1922), "A dew reservoir 30 feet square will collect 24,000 gallons of water in a year, or an average of 120 gallons daily during the hot summer months and 50 gallons daily for the remainder of the year...
"The Russell reservoir consists of a concrete cistern about 5 feet deep, with sloping concrete roof, above which is a protective fence of corrugated iron which aids in collecting and condensing vapor on the roof and prevents evaporation by the wind. The floor of the cistern is flush with the ground, while sloping banks of earth around the sides lead up to the roof.
"Moisture draining into the reservoir from the low side of the roof maintains the roof at a lower temperature than the atmosphere, thus assuring continuous condensation.
"At one side of the reservoir is a concrete basin set in the ground. By means of a ball valve, this basin is automatically kept full of water drawn from the reservoir." (Figure 41)(Ref 21)
Figure 41 ~ Russell's Dew Pond: russell0.gif
- - - end-note
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z1 - - - purpose: the mind of this file is to gather from everywhere in 3-06 dirz things for dew3-06. cut short, and leaving enuff for anyone to fill in the gaps to what this could be. a gather of all available info, crystalized into a complete, yet short reading. printed and kept for its beauty. knowledge simply says you will be 'able to live where and when other people cant'. notes3.txt continues notes2.txt:
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jump words: notes3.txt, purpose, content, overview, ---end of pre-nfo--- bagel -3verses, dew-ponds -9v, mag-quo, ?, other-hu, referece, end-note
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z2 - - - bagel.htm: 1 Air Wells & Dew Ponds rexresearch.com See also: Wolf Klaphake. Humans need to drink at least two quarts of water daily to remain alive. If groundwater is not available, the atmosphere humidity can be condensed instead to provide our minimum requirements.
2 1993, Reginald E. Newell (M.I.T.)
found 10 huge "atmospheric rivers" (5 each in the north + south hemispheres) flow rates of 165 million kg of water per second. rivers of vapor are bands up to 480 mi wide and 4,800 mi long, 1.9 mi above earth. They are main means of transporting water from the equator. draw water from these rivers? done atop mountains. (1)
3 eg: 1900-03 excavation of Theodosia (a Byzantine city of 500 BC).found numerous pipes, 3"in.diameter, leading
to wells and fountains in the city. pipes were traced to a nearby hill, and found to originate from 13 piles of limestone, each about 40'tall and 100'square. 14,000 gallons of water daily!
z3 - - - Dew-ponds: 1 Dew ponds still found on the highest ridges of England's bleak Sussex Downs and on the Marlborough and Wiltshire Hills. far from any marshes, springs or streams, they always contain some water that condenses from the air during the night. 2 Arthur J. Hubbard described a dew pond in his book Neolithic Dew-Ponds and Cattleways (1907):"There is [in England] at least one wandering gang of men... who will... 3 is speedily lost if even the smallest rivulet is allowed to flow into the pond. 4 "The gang of dew-pond makers commence operations by hollowing out the earth for a space far in excess of the apparent requirements of the proposed pond. They then thickly cover the whole of the hollow with a coating of dry straw. The straw in turn is covered by a layer of well-chosen, finely puddled clay, and the upper surface of the clay is then closely strewn with stones. Care has to be taken that the margin of the straw is effectively protected by clay. 5 The pond will eventually become filled with water, the more rapidly the larger it is, even though no rain may fall. 6 If such a structure is situated on the summit of a down, during the warmth of a summer day the earth will have stored a considerable amount of heat, while the pond, protected from this heat by the non-conductivity of the straw, is at the same time chilled by the process of evaporation from the puddled clay. 7 The consequence is that during the night the warm air is condensed on the surface of the cold clay. As the condensation during the night is in excess of the evaporation during the day, the pond becomes, night by night, gradually filled. 8 Theoretically, we may observe that during the day, the air being comparatively charged with moisture, evaporation is necessarily less than the precipitation during the night. In practice it is found that the pond will constantly yield a supply of the purest water. 9 "The dew pond will cease to attract the dew if the layer of straw should get wet, as it then becomes of the same temperature as the surrounding earth, and ceases to be a non- conductor of heat. This practically always occurs if a spring is allowed to flow into the pond, or if the layer of clay (technically called the 'crust')
is pierced."
z4 - - - mag-quo: 1 details in Scientific American (May 1934):"An essential feature of the dew-pond is its impervious bottom, enabling it to retain all the water it gathers, except what is lost by evaporation, drunk by cattle, or withdrawn by man. The mode of construction varies in some details. The bottom commonly consists of a layer of puddled chalk or clay, over which is strewn a layer of rubble to prevent perforation by the hoofs of animals. A layer of straw is often added, above or below the chalk or clay. The ponds may measure from 30 to 70 feet across, and the depth does not exceed three or four feet." (2)(Figure 1: Dew Pond Spiral Dew Pond 00100000.gif(Oxteddle Bottom, Sussex, 1997)00200000.gif Photo by Chris Drury )
z5 2 Another form by S.B. Russell in the 1920s. Popular Science(September 1922)popsci.com:"A dew reservoir 30 feet square will collect 24,000 gallons of water in a year, or an average of 120 gallons daily during the hot summer months and 50 gallons daily for the remainder of the year..."The Russell reservoir consists of a concrete cistern about 5 feet deep, with sloping concrete roof, above which is a protective fence of corrugated iron which aids in collecting and condensing vapor on the roof and prevents evaporation by the wind. The floor of the cistern is flush with the ground, while sloping banks of earth around the sides lead up to the roof."Moisture draining into the reservoir from the low side of the roof maintains the roof at a lower temperature than the atmosphere, thus assuring continuous condensation. "At one side of the reservoir is a concrete basin set in the ground. By means of a ball valve, this basin is automatically kept full of water drawn from the reservoir. (3(Figure2)Figure 2: Russell's Dew Pond ~00300000.gif
z6 3 air-wells:1930 Belgian inventor Achille Knapen built an "air well" atop a 600-foot high hill at Trans-en-Provence in France.18 months to complete. described in Popular Mechanics Magazine, thus:"The tower... is about 45 feet tall. The walls are from 8 to 10 feet thick to prevent the heat radiation from the ground from influencing the inside temperature. yield: 7,500 gallons of water per 900 square feet ofcondensation surface." (4)Figure 3: Knapen's Air Well ~00300000.gif International Organization For Dew Utilization -opur.org00400000.gif 00500000.gif
z7 4 Popsci.Magazine March 1933,details:"[The air well has] a mushroom-like inner core of concrete, pierced with numerous ducts for the circulation of air; and a central pipe with its upper opening above the top of the outer dome."At night, cold air pours down the central pipe and circulates through the core... By morning the whole inner mass is so thoroughly chilled that it will maintain its reduced temperature for a good part of the day. The well is now ready to function."Warm, moist outdoor air enters the central chamber, as the daytime temperature rises, through the upper ducts in the outer wall. It immediately strikes the chilled core, which is studded with rows of slates to increase the cooling surface. The air, chilled by the contact, gives up its moisture upon the slates. As it cools, it gets heavier and descends, finally leaving the chamber by way of the lower ducts. Meanwhile the moisture trickles from the slates and falls into a collecting basin at the bottom of the well." at best:5 gallons per night.
z8 5 Leon Chaptal built at Montpellier 1929. The pyramidal concrete structure was 3 meters square and 2.5 meterin height (10 x 10 x 8 ft), with rings of small vent holes at the top and bottom. Its 8 cubic meters of volume was filled with pieces of limestone (5-10 cm) that condensed the atmospheric vapor and collected it in a reservoir.The yield ranged from 1-2.5 liters/day from March to September; In 1930,the structure collected about 100 liters from April to September, yield was 5.5 lb/day.
6 Chaptal found that the condensing surface must be rough, and the surface tension sufficiently low that thecondensed water can drip. The incoming air must be moist and damp. The low interior temperature is established by reradiation at night and by the lower temperature of the soil. Air flow was controlled by plugging or opening the vent holes as necessary.
7 Friedrick Ziebold built at Feodosia (Theodosia), Crimea, a pile of sea pebbles(10-40 cm diam.), 20 meters in diameter and 1.15 meters high. The construction yielded up to 360 liters/day until 1915, when it began to leak due to a crack in the wall.
00500000.gif
8 Calice Courneya patented an air well in 1982 (USP #4,351,651):"A heat exchanger at or near subsurface temperature... is in air communication with the atmosphere for allowing atmospheric moisture-laden air to enter, pass through, cool, arrive at its dew point, allow the moisture to precipitate out, and allow the air to pass outward to the atmosphere again. Suitable apparatus may be provided to restrict air flow and allow sufficient residence time of the air in the heat exchanger to allow sufficient precipitation. Furthermore, filtration may be provided on the air input, and a means for creating a [negative]movement pressure, in the preferred form of a turbine, may be provided on the output..."The air well is buried about 9 feet deep. The entrance pipe is 3-inch diameter PVC pipe (10 ft long), terminating just near the ground... This is an advantage because the greatest humidity in the atmosphere is near the surface." Figure 4: Courneya's Air Well~00700000.gif
z9 preferbly, the intake is provided with a cyclone separator to precipitate dust before the air enters the pipe. In addition, a flow restrictor device can beinstalled before the exit port.Air flows through the pipes at 2,000 cubic feet per hour at 45oF with a 5 mph wind. This translates to about 48,000 ft3/day (over 3,000 lb of air daily). Courneya's first air well used a turbine fan to pull air through the pipes. Later designs employed an electric fan for greater airflow. At 90oF and 80% Relative Humidity (RH), the air well yields about 60 lb water daily. At 20% RH, the yield is only about 3 lb/day. yield is lower at lower temperatures. yield depends on the amount of air and its relative and specific humidity, and the soil temperature, thermal conductivity, and moisture. Acoustic resonance, or a fan? within the pipes might enhance condensation. The more recent invention of acoustic refrigeration could be used to advantage, as well as the Hilsch-Ranque vortex tube. pure as single-distilled water. an air well near a busy street found no sulfur or lead (measured in ppm).
z10 -1950s Henri Coanda, method to produce pure water from saline. a big silo with reflective walls, mounted several inches over a tidal pool. silo angled to catch and multiply the sunlight, this superheats the air in the chimney. The rising hot air drew in cold air from the bottom, and became super-saturated with moisture by the time it reached the top. Fans then pulled the air through a condenser from which pure water flowed. The residual brine also is of great value to chemical industry and in the construction of solar ponds. 11 government forced Coanda to cease operations because his device threatened their monopoly on salt production. Coanda describes it: USP# 2,803,591: " in combination, an installation for heating a circulating mass of air, said installation comprising at least one tubular element through which said air circulates and at least one trough-like mirror of parabolic section having the focal axis thereof horizontally disposed, with said tubular element disposed along said focal axis of said mirror, said mirror with its associated tubular element being mounted in the plane of symmetry of said mirror, and also being mounted to rotate about a vertical axis..." #2,761,292: 12 -"It is known that the air contains water and according to my invention the energy for precipitating this water can be taken from the air itself in motion. It is known that for a given temperature a given volume of air may not contain more than a certain quantity of water vapor. When it contains this quantity it is said to have reached its saturation point. Moreover, this point varies with the temperature, and the cooler the air, the less water vapor it may contain for a given volume."Consequently, when a relatively warm volume of moist air is cooled to a sufficiently low temperature, it yields the water it contained in excess over the quantity permitted by
the saturation point at the temperature to which it has been cooled." 13 -In a continuous process of producing fresh water, it is necessary to absorb the heat derived from the warm moist air at a speed corresponding to the rate of cooling..."Coanda recommended that the condenser be buried so the earth could absorb the heat:"For example, one cubic meter of air from a wind whose temperature is about 40oC can contain up to about 50 grams of water vapor; if the wind is forced to enter a certain space by passing along... a radiator in which a fluid circulates at the temperature existing 7 or 8 meters below the round level, that is of about 11oC, this wind will immediately precipitate on the radiator walls the portion of the water content which is in excess of that permitted by its saturation point at the cooler temperature, that is, about 40 grams per cubic meter of air, as the saturation point of air at 11oC is 10 grams per cubic meter. The heat given off, which must be carried away by the fluid in the radiator, represents approximately 32 calories for said one cubic meter of air... z14 It is advisable to pass the fluid through a second radiator of larger dimension disposed in the ground at a certain depth."If the humidity of the warm air is definitely below 50 grams of water per cubic meter, that is, if the air is far from its saturation limit, and if the device for obtaining fresh
water is disposed near the sea, it is possible to use [windmills] for spraying sea water into the warm air in fine droplets, thereby increasing the amount of water contained in the warm air through the partial evaporation of the sea water thereinto.."(Figures 5, 6)00800000.gif + 9 graph+windmill?
z11 - - - other-hu: 1 -Other humidity condensers: space station Mir , The
Aqua-Cycle, by William Madison, was introduced in 1992: It resembles a drinking fountain and functions as such, but it is not connected to any plumbing. It contains a refridgerated dehumidifier and a triple-purification
system (carbon, deionization, and UV light)that produces water as pure as triple-distilled. Under optimal operating conditions (80o/60% humidity) the unit can produce up to 5 gallons daily.
z12 -Fog-Fences: 1945, Theodore Schumann, a unique cloud-condenser on top of 3,000 ft. Table Mountain, Capetown. design: two large parallel fences of wire netting, one insulated and one grounded, which would be charged with a potential difference of 50-100 KV. The wire screens were to be about 150-ft. high, 9,000 ft. long, and 1 foot apart. He estimated that the electrified fence would condense as much as 30,000,000 gallons daily from "The Cloth", a perpetual cloud
that crowns the peak. fig.7 ?000.gif
z13 -Alvin Marks invented the "Power Fence" to generate electricity from the wind by means of a charged aerosol which was dispersed from microscopic holes in the tubing of the fence. Marks calculated that if the wind averaged 25 mph, a mile of fence would generate
about 40 megawatts. The towers would be 500 feet high, strung with a grid of steel bars in a rectangular array, subdivided into a lattice of 4-inch squares. The squares are divided by a mesh of perforated tubules through which the water flows. Marks' patent states that the system can be used to modify weather and to clear fog. (11, 12)
z14 -The EGD Fog Dispersal System, by Meredith Gourdine has been used at Los Angeles and Ontario International
Airports and by the Air Force since 1986. The system uses an electrically charged mist that is sprayed into the fog over runways, thus clearing them for landing:
"[The system is comprised of] an array of charged submicron water droplet nozzles {and select] characteristics of a cloud of charged droplets... including a field strength... a charge concentration, a time constant, [etc.,] whereby clearing of the airborne
particles occurs...by attachment of the emitted submicron droplets to the airborne particles to the ground." (13, 14).
z15 -similar:Hendricus Loos (USP 4,475,927):"[The system consists of] gapped air jets laden with electrically charged droplets of low mobility, a ground corona guard in the form of a shallow water-and-oil basin, and a charged- collector-drops emitting device on the ground, arranged in such a manner that the low- mobility
charged droplets blown aloft by the air jets form a virtual electrode suspended at an appropriate height above the ground, toward which the oppositely
charged high-mobility collector drops move, thereby collecting the neutral fog drops in their paths." (15)
z16 - "fog trap" at Chungungo, Chile. A group of 50 fog-traps made of plastic mesh stand atop a 2,600 ft. mountain and collect up to 2,000 gallons daily. Walter Canto, said:"We're not only giving Chungongo
all the water it needs, but we have enough water to start forests around the area that within 5 or 6 years will be totally self-sustaining." Another 21 sites (1,000 acres total) on the Pacific coast of Latin America also have fog traps. Some of the locations have become self-sufficient because the trees have become large enough to collect fog for themselves, just as the ecosystem did before settlers disrupted it. Fog-forest ecosystems survive on droplets of water collected by their leaves. Some such forests, surrounded by deserts, have been sustained by fog for millenia. Very little cutting causes complete destruction.
z17 -ideal location for fog traps are arid or semi-arid coastal regions with cold offshore currents and a
mountain range within 15 miles of the coast, rising 1,500 to 3,000 feet above sea level. Mesh occupying 70% of the space is most effective for trapping fog droplets. Two layers of mesh, erected so as to rub together, optimize the collection of water in PVC pipes attached to the bottom of the nets. Collection varies with the topography and the density of the fog. The fog trap at Chungongo is 40 x 13 feet and produces 45 gallons/day. fog becomes denser and more frequent in the summertime, yield doubles.
z18 - - - References: 1.Sayer, Kathy; Washington Post -25 Jan 1993, 2.Scientific American, p. 254-255 May 1934; "Dew Ponds", 3.Popular Science, p. 5 .Sept 1922. 4.Popular
Mechanics Magazine, p. 868 Dec.1932. 5.Popular
Science Magazine March 1933. 6.Knapen, Achille:U.S. Patent 1,816,592 (1931); French Patent 333,093 French Patent 682,352. 7.Courneya,Calice: USP 4,351,651, 8.Lindsley,E.F.: Popular Science, p. 146-147 Jan.1984
9.Coanda, Henri:USP 2,761,292; ibid., USP 2,803,591; ibid., USP 3,284,318. 10.Sculin, George:True,Dec.1956,
11.Lemonick, Michael:Science Digest (Aug.1984); "The Power Fence". 12.Marks, Alvin: USP 4,206,396;ibid.,
USP 3,417,267, 13.San Francisco Chronicle, 16 Sept, 1986, 14. Gourdine, Meredith:USP 4,671,805, 15.Loos, Hendricus: USP 4,475,927 www.rexresearch.com, Bright Green Living Wiki. Bagelhole.org. Thank you!
- - - end-note
-no end- updates of notes2.txt and 3-06dirz.txt are on flop 11-10 of set#8 of 17 sets
-
notes4.txt - - - - of 3-06\11th\brick nfo got.
v5-13-06 verses z1 z2 z3 etc for dew5-06 study
this is a new page for notes2.txt
z1 - - - mind of this file is to gather from everywhere in 3-06 dirz things for dew3-06. cut short, and leaving enuff for anyone to fill in the gaps to what this could be. a gather of all available info, crystalized into a complete, yet short reading. printed and kept for its beauty. knowledge simply says you will be 'able to live where and when other people cant'. notes4.txt continues notes2.txt:
- - - content: use search-find on these words to jump chapters.
jump words: notes4.txt, mind, content, overview,---end of pre-nfo--- 1e-15 intro, design 31v, reference, end-note
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or use internet words: Moisture Control in Brick and Tile Walls Condensation
. 1e-15.htm: Indoor Air Quality,J.F. Straube Acahrya
. 1e-14.htm:
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z2 - - - 1e-15.htm: 1 Indoor-Air-Quality, Healthy Buildings, and Breathing Walls By: J.F. Straube and V. Acahrya. designs to deliver good IAQ: Controled ventilation, design, healthy materials. so-called 'breathing walls' can correct indoor humidity and fungal growth on building surfaces.This paper reviews three basic design strategies for IAQ, role of breathing walls, physics of breathing walls, ways walls can improve IAQ are outlined. A search directed at properties of low-density cement-bonded wood fibre (Durisol) is described. -includes: material tests, field and computer modelling. Some results discussed.
2 -concluded: a holistic way boosts iaq. Breathing walls made of vapour permeable and highly hygroscopic materials, such as Durisol and strawbales, can enhance IAQ when with other factors.
.1 Research Engineer, Building Engineering Group, Civil Engineering Department, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, N2L 3G1.
.2 Vice-president, Durisol Building Systems Ltd., 95 Frid St., Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, L8P 4M3.
z3 -Introduction: some people spend 90% of their lives inside buildings. directly affects health, quality of life, and productivity. modern home contains a chemical soup of volatile organic compounds (VOC-s) like formaldehyde, xylene, isobutylaldehyde, vinyl chloride monomer, and other organochlorides, aldehydes and phenols from all kinds of manufactured wood products, paints, carpets, and synthetic textiles including furniture and carpets, plastics, foam, tile and carpet glue, etc. Radon from the soil, ozone from some electrical appliances, and micron-sized particles from many sources add to the health risk. 20 000 deaths per year by radon gas, -2nd leader of lung cancer. Small particles can penetrate deeper into the lung, damage.
z4 -cold-climate area links allergies, immuno-depression, and illness to amount and type of fungal growth. avoiding humidities over 80% RH fungal spores will be starved of the moisture they need to survive. Mould growth within the building envelope can also affect health if an interior air barrier is not present.
z5 - - - Design:Design stratagies for iaq: avoidance, removal, exclusion, ?,
-avoidance of products that contain solvents, glues and plastics. use natural paints, glues, materials, and systems that can substitute most dangerous building materials, e.g., particle board, waferboard, carpet, foams, paint (Pearson 1994, Baggs 1996). The use of natural (and unpainted) lime- cement plasters and solid wood as wall finishes, and concrete, linoleum, solid wood, and ceramic tiles for floor finishes can reduce total VOC concentrations by an order of magnitude. Occupants must also avoid materials and products that might affect IAQ.
2 -Avoiding fungal growth can be difficult if the surface humidity is over about 80%; paper facing of drywall is an ideal mould growing substrate, ceramic tiles will allow mould growth if soap and skin residue remain on their surface. high, and uniform, wall temperature will ensure that the surface RH remains only slightly above the interior humidity. Thermal bridging at framing members, especially steel studs, can result in dramatically lower surface temperatures and much higher surface humidities. moding indoor RH by use of hygroscopic and "breathable" materials can stop fungal growth. the use of finishes which do not provide food for fungi and/or have a high pH; virtually no fungi can survive on surfaces with a pH over about 10.
3 -Removal: building design should remove pollutants down to at least the level of the outdoor air, if not lower: increased volumes of, and more controllable, ventilation, porous adsorbers, and plants. Hygroscopic materials moderate RH and can permanently adsorb some VOC-s. Plants such as Devil-s Claw and spider plants measurably improve IAQ by filtering and humidifying the air while consuming CO2. Any falling or running water will act as a powerful particulate filter by trapping particles. 75% of all damaging airborne particulates originate in the exterior air. A mix of airtight building enclosure and high quality filtration of ventilation air, by mechanical or natural means, can be used to greatly reduce particulates.
4 -Exclusion: Radon control, requires an airtight floor and/or basement system. serious consequences of exposure. Ventilation of living areas (i.e., removal) does aid radon control, but first design and build the ground floor or basement as airtight as possible to avoid penetration into building. Exclusion of outdoor particulates requires an airtight above-grade building envelope. If the air barrier system is applied to the interior side it can control off-gasing, particulates, and mould spores from within the enclosure system.
5 -The Systems Approach:None of these provide indoor air quality, be holistic. Avoiding materials which offgas is a useful, but ventilation, air barriers, humidity control, and high surface temperatures working together can provide much better IAQ than all independently.
z6-"Atmungsfaehig":"Breathing" Baubiologie,"breathing" implies airflow, but here means a material or assembly is both open to vapour diffusion and hygroscopics. this combination allows much water vapour (and other gases) to be adsorbed and released quickly, thereby regulating the room climate and hence indoor air quality.
z7 Although other gases will also diffuse through walls (exchanging CO2 and oxygen for example), water vapour is one of the primary determinants of a healthy room climate and, as such, is often the primary gas that breathing walls are designed to adsorb. In most healthy houses built using the principles of Baubiologie, the design of the enclosure and interior partitions is based on ensuring water vapour breathability (Krusche et al 1982, Kuenzel 1980).
z8 "Air open" or "dynamic" walls that allow slow and controlled airflow through them are considered by some to be the ideal breathable wall. Research, however, does not support this contention (Kuenzel 1980). While several dynamic wall houses have been built in Canada (Timusk 1987), and Sweden (Levon 1986) such houses require special design and all successful dynamic wall homes have used mechanical means to provide the required level of ventilation flow control. The design goal of these houses is usually a reduction in conductive and exfiltration energy loss (which they can achieve). They do not necessarily improve IAQ, other than by ensuring good ventilation (Taylor et al 1997).
z9 Research Program:The hygrothermal performance of several different enclosure wall systems was studied in some depth with the support of a consortium of seven building product manufacturers (Straube and Burnett 1997). The study involved theoretical investigations, laboratory tests, and the monitoring of moisture and temperature conditions within 26 full-scale test walls. The test walls were instrumented, mounted in the University of Waterloo-s natural exposure and test building, and monitored for two years at 5 minute intervals while exposed to the natural environment of South- western Ontario.
z10 Durisol, a member of the research consortium, has been producing cement-bonded wood-fibre based building products around the world for more than 50 years. As part of the larger study, Durisol was interested in the reasons for the healthy performance of their products and how the properties of cement-bonded wood fibre composites provided this performance. An additional objective was an explanation of the long history of satisfactory performance of Durisol walls even when no polyethylene vapour retarder was installed. The moisture-related performance of the Durisol material was examined and several test walls made of Durisol panels and the insulated concrete form system. Some of the results of this investigation are presented in this paper.
z11 -Cement-bonded wood fibre building products have been used for years because of their beneficial impact on a healthy indoor climate. For example, the Norwegian firm Cobolt Architects uses cement-bonded wood fibre for entire wall and roof constructions, often cladding the inside and out with ventilated wood boards [Pearson 1989]. Strawbales have similar properties, and have also been used in Norway by Dag Roalkvam of Gaia Architects (Lacinski 1996). Dale Bates, a west coast architect specialising in healthy housing, has used cement-bonded wood-fibre based insulated concrete forms in several dozen homes.
z12 -Material Properties:Durisol is a composition of natural raw materials; specially-graded recycled wood particles are neutralised and mineralised before being bonded together with cement. It can be moulded to form any shape and compressed to provide the desired mechanical and thermal properties. Hardened Durisol is lightweight, porous, insulating, exceptionally fire-resistant, termite proof, and very durable, even under harsh environmental conditions. Durisol with a dry density of 500 kg/m3 (30 pcf) has a thermal resistance is about RSI7.0 per m, (R1.75 per inch).
z13 -Healthy Properties:Since Durisol is made of inert and natural materials it obviously does not offgas. Durisol also has properties that reduce the potential for fungal growth on its surface. After reaction with atmospheric carbon dioxide, the pH is approximately 10 (e.g. it is alkaline). Upon delivery, the pH is even higher, so the alkalinity is highest when the product is still wet from production and construction. This level of alkalinity makes the growth of fungi and even viruses virtually impossible. It is for this same reason that lime was historically used to whitewash buildings and stables. (In fact, this practice continues today in dairy barns and other installations where good hygiene is critical).
z14 -The same reasoning applies to interior finishes. Lime and cement-based plasters are alkaline enough that mould growth is stymied, and their breathable properties reduce the likelihood that sufficient moisture will be available for growth in any event. Durisol is also an ideal substrate for plasters, allowing cost savings by eliminating the need for wire mesh or laths with paper backings.
z15 -Moisture Properties:The moisture transport and storage properties of Durisol are an interesting and unique mix of vapour permeability and vapour storage capacity. The only other "structural" material which behaves in a similar manner is compacted straw, although straw, unlike Durisol, has potential fire, moisture, and insect problems. When compared to other common building materials (Figure 1) the vapour permeability (i.e., the permeance per unit thickness of material) is clearly much higher.
z16-The sorption isotherm of some common building materials is plotted in Figure 2. The sorption isotherm, a plot of the equilibrium moisture content of a material versus the relative humidity, is a direct measure of the hygroscopic nature of a material. Again, Durisol behaves in a different manner than many materials. As the humidity climbs from 30% (relatively dry air) to over 70% (a high value), Durisol adsorbs more than 7% of its dry mass in water vapour. Strawbale walls are expected to behave in a similar manner.
Figure 1: Water Vapour Permeance of Various Building Materials (Larger version)
Figure 2: Sorption Isotherm for Various Building Materials (Larger version)
z17-Dynamic Hygric Response:A recent multi-year study concluded that short-term RH peaks of a building-s air can support fungal growth, even though the average conditions are well below the threshold for fungal growth, e.g., 70 to 80% RH (Adan 1994). For example, the simple act of boiling water for cooking creates a significant short-term rise in humidity near the kitchen. After the interior RH has dropped, the fungi can continue to grow for some time using moisture stored within the fungi.
z18-The speed with which a wall surface can absorb moisture is important for avoiding surface condensation and surface relative humidities required to support fungal growth. Materials with a combination of the properties of vapour permeability and high hygroscopicity allow that material to quickly moderate humidity variations by storing or releasing significant quantities of water vapour. A vapour tight finish on walls allows the surface relative humidity to climb to the level where fungal growth can be sustained.
z19-If a material can quickly adsorb moisture from the air, this material will maintain the RH at its surface at a lower and more stable level while also moderating short-term interior air humidity variations. The dynamic hygric response of several wall systems was studied with the aid of computer modelling and field measurements. The results are presented below.
z20-Modelling Hygric Response:Using a sophisticated computerised finite element package (developed by Kuenzel, 1997) the amount of moisture released into a room by several different wall systems was calculated. The program is one of the most advanced in the world (it considers different moisture diffusivities for suction and redistribution, surface diffusion, capillarity, vapour diffusion, etc.).
z21-Each of the assemblies modelled comprised a 200 mm layer of material. Some of the walls were finished with lime plaster, others with gypsum drywall and various paints. Material properties were taken from manufacturer-s data and various sources (ASHRAE 1997, IEA 1997). The simulation considered a wall and room initially at 30%RH followed by an instantaneous rise in room air moisture content to 80%RH. Over the period of a week the simulation calculated the water vapour balance every 15 minutes.
Figure 3 plots the moisture adsorption of four walls for the first 24 hours. All of the systems responded in a similar manner, but the speed of response differed considerably. The initial response was fast, followed by a slow exponentially decaying period. Because the shape of the response curves are similar, the results can be usefully summarised and wall systems approximately ranked: see Table 1.
Figure 3: Calculated hygric response of four wall systems to a 50%RH change (Larger version)
z22-Table 1 shows that there is a large difference between the behaviour of some common wall systems. The plastered Durisol insulated concrete form system and strawbale wall provide about 8 times more vapour control to the indoor environment than the walls used in a typical modern home, and 25 times that of a modern motel room with vinyl wall paper. While the above results do not attempt to exhaustively rate each assembly (the more complex discussions and calculations necessary for this are beyond the scope of this paper), it does provide a relative ranking which clearly shows the problems associated with the use of the most common modern building systems.
z23-The simulation results also showed the clear superiority of lime-based plasters over pure cement-based plaster. The hygroscopic and highly vapour permeable nature of lime plaster provides a very fast response (i.e., several minutes) to changes in the vapour content of the interior air. Substrates like Durisol, strawbales, and brick provide much more moisture storage, storage which participates at longer time scales (i.e., several hours). The worst possible finish is a high-grade vinyl wall, which not only off-gases VOC-s but also returns vapour adsorption values of less than about 10.
z24-Rating Assembly Description [g/m2] -10 Any system with vapour retarding paint (including oil based) or "high- quality" vinyl wall paper
40 Painted gypsum drywall on poly on wood frame, primer + 2 coats latex
90 Concrete, unfinished
110 Modern extruded brick, unfinished
150 Softwood logs, unfinished
240 Strawbale wall with 1" lime plaster
250 Durisol WallForm 20 System, finished with 12.5 mm lime plaster
Table 1: Water vapour absorbed in 24 hours by walls exposed to a 50%RH change
z25-Consider a room with exterior walls that cover 20 m2 of its 3 x 5 meter, 37.5 m3 volume. Air at 20 C and 50%RH contains about 8.7 g/m3. If 200 g of water (about 6.75 fluid ounces) were to be injected into the air, by human metabolism, cooking, etc., the moisture content of the air would rise by 200 g / 37.5 m3 = 5.3 g/m3 and the humidity of the air would rise to above 80%RH. If the source of vapour is cooking or a shower, the water would be quickly injected into the air, and the RH at the surface of any cool exterior wall (in this case any surface cooler than 16 C) would reach 100%. If the exterior walls of a room were able to absorb this moisture, i.e., 200 g / 20 m2 = 10 g/m2 of wall area, the RH within the room would be maintained, and the surface RH would remain below the threshold for fungal growth. This amount of moisture adsorption is easily and quickly (less than one hour) possible for walls rated over about 150 in Table 1; it is not possible for walls rated less than about 50. If all of the room-s walls were breathing walls, the response would be even faster and more powerful.
z26-Outdoor air at 80%RH and 0 C contains about 3.9 g/m3. If the room in the previous example were ventilated at one air change per hour with outdoor air, approximately 37.5 m3 x (8.7 - 3.9) = 180 g of moisture would be removed by ventilation. Thus, ventilation is just as powerful a means of controlling indoor air moisture content as breathable walls. In buildings made with vapour tight walls, ventilation becomes the most important means of vapour control. Ventilation, however, cannot always guarantee moisture removal in the corners of rooms, behind furniture, etc. Ventilation is always necessary because it aids in the removal of other pollutants and delivers oxygen to a room faster than diffusion. Unfortunately, controlling ventilation requires mechanisms (electronics and fans) and/or proper occupant control.
z27-Hygroscopic, "breathable" walls operate automatically, require no energy and cannot break down. Such walls can also react much more quickly than ventilation. Ventilation and breathing walls are likely best used as complementary techniques for ensuring IAQ.
z28-Field Measurements of Hygric Response:Although computer modelling can be a powerful tool, field measurements are always the best and most reliable means of testing theory. A total of ten different wall types were part of the research program. Space limitations allow for the comparison of only two -- the Durisol Insulated Concrete Form system and a well-built, highly insulated steel stud wall system, both clad with brick veneer. Simplified horizontal sections of the walls are shown in Figure 4.
Wall B clearly contains more thermal mass and a large amount of vapour storage. However, another major difference was the use of a vapour barrier. The Wall A used a sheet of 6 mil polyethylene (0.06 US perms, 3.4 ng/Pa/s/m2 ) behind the drywall finish. Wall B used an unpainted sheet of drywall only -- unpainted drywall is very vapour permeable (over 20 US perms or 2000 ng/Pa/s/m2). To create a potentially dangerous situation, 51 mm of extruded polystyrene insulation (vapour resistant) was placed outside of Wall B, and the drywall was left unpainted to "trap" vapour in the wall. Vapour permeable plasters or recycled rockwool insulation is typically recommended outside of Durisol walls, or thicker, more highly insulated forms are specified.
Figure 4: Horizontal section of test walls (schematic)
z29-Figures 5 and 6 plot the relative humidity measured in the Wall A and B respectively over the winter period (from 961031 to 970331. The maximum and the minimum 15 minute average values for each day have been plotted from the data collected at 5 minute intervals. The interior of the test house was carefully maintained at 21 C 1 C and 50% 5%RH over the entire period. This is a higher RH than most houses but is representative of many commercial building environments.
A comparison of the two plots clearly shows the humidity moderating effect within the Durisol material of Wall B. Over the entire heating period, the daily RH variation (i.e., maximum less minimum) was 15.3% for Wall A and only 2.6% for Wall B.
An inspection of the relative humidity measurements in Wall B also shows that they never approached levels at which condensation might occur, even though there was no vapour retarder on the warm side of the wall, and despite a relatively impermeable outer sheathing. This data was collected over a winter in which the outdoor temperature dropped below -20 C (-4 F) several times. In fact, Wall A with a polyethylene retarder exhibited far more chance of condensation than Wall B. If the drywall had been painted, the Durisol plastered, or the EXPS sheathing replaced with a more vapour permeable material, the RH in Wall B would have been even lower.
Figure 5: Maximum and minimum relative humidity in Wall A (Larger version)
z30-Wall B also exhibited much higher summertime RH-s because of vapour flow from the outdoors to the indoors. The polyethylene trapped this vapour within Wall A. These inward vapour drives have been found to be a problem in many walls, especially in climates similar to or warmer than South-western Ontario (Straube and Burnett 1995).
Figure 6: Maximum and minimum relative humidity in Wall B (Larger version)
z31-Conclusions:The indoor air quality of a building directly impacts the health and productivity of its occupants. There are several design strategies that can be used to deliver good IAQ. Controlled ventilation, proper design, occupant behaviour, and the use of appropriate healthy building materials within a holistic design approach can provide good indoor air quality. As part of a complete IAQ design strategy, so-called breathing walls can moderate indoor humidity and practically eliminate the potential for fungal growth on building surfaces.
The properties of the Durisol cement-bonded wood fibre material, like strawbale, are ideal for use in breathing walls because of their combination of vapour permeable and hygroscopic properties.
The results from the field monitoring demonstrated both the humidity moderating effect and the fact the no polyethylene vapour barrier is required in such walls.
z32 - - -References
-Adan, O., On the Fungal Defacement of Interior Finishes, Ph.D Thesis, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands, 1994.
-ASHRAE, 1997. 1997 ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals, Atlanta: American Society of Heating Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.
-Baggs, S. and J., The Healthy House: the Gaian approach to creating a safe healthy and environmentally friendly home, Harper & Collins, Sydney, 1996.
-Bower, J., Healthy House Building, The Healthy House Institute, Unionville, Indiana, 1993.
-Fisk W. and Rosenfeld A., "Improved Productivity and Health from Better Indoor Environments", Center for Building Science Newsletter, Lawrence-Berkeley Labs, Summer, 1997.
-International Energy Agency. Report Annex 24, Task 1: Hygrothermal Properties of Building Materials. ed. M.K. Kumaran, 1997.
-Krusche, P, Weig-Krusche, M., Althaus, D., Gabriel, I., Oekologisches Bauen, Bauverlag, Berlin, 1982.
-Kuenzel, H., "Muessen Aussenwaende %atmungsfaehig- sein?" wksb, Nov., 1980, pp. 1-4.
-Kuenzel, H.M., WUFI V2.0 - Simultaneous Heat anWUFI V2.0 - Simultaneous Heat and Moisture Transport in Building Components, Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics, August 1997.
-Levon, B.-V., "Experimentbyggnade i Norden", Swedish Council for Building Research, Report T5, 1986, pp. 158-160.
-Marinelli, J. and Bierman-Lyle, P., Your Natural Home. Little, Brown, & Co., Boston, 1995, pp. 81-84.
-Pearson, D., The Natural House Book, Simon & Schuster/Fireside, New York, 1989.
-Roodman, D.M., and Lenssen, N., A. Building Revolution: How Ecology and Health Concerns are Transforming Construction. World Watch Institute, Washington, D.C., 1995.
-Rousseau, D., Rea, W.J., Enwright, J. Your Home, Your Health, and Well-Being. Hartley & Marks, Vancouver, 1989.
-Scanada Consultants, Mould in Finished Basements, Report for Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Ottawa, 1995.
-Significance of Fungi in Indoor Air: Report of a Working Group. Health & Welfare Canada, Ottawa, 1987.
-Straube, J.F. Burnett, E.F.P.. In-Service Performance of Enclosure Walls. Volume 1: Summary Final Report. Building Engineering Research Report: University of Waterloo, 1997.
-Straube, J.F., and Burnett, E.F.P., "Moisture Movement in Building Enclosure Wall Systems", Proceedings of the Thermal Performance of Building Envelopes VI, Clearwater Beach Florida, December 4-7, 1995, pp. 177 - 188.
-Taylor, B J, Webster, R., Imbabi, M.S., "The use of dynamic and diffusive insulation for combined heat recovery and ventilation in buildings", Building Environmental Performance Analysis Club, Proceedings of Sustainable Building Conference, Feb 5-6, 1997, Abingdon, UK, pp. 168-174.
-Timusk, J, "Design, Construction, and Performance of a Dynamic Wall House", Presented at AIVC Conference, Sept 24, 1987, Ueberlingen, Germany.
-Turpin, B. " sdg" ASHRAE Summer Meeting, 28 June- 2 July, 1997.
-van Vliet, J., Building Materials for the Environmentally Hypersensitive, Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Ottawa, 1995.
-Lacinski, P., "Breathing Wall", The Last Straw - the journal of strawbale construction, Spring 1996.
- - - end-notes
-no end- updates of notes2.txt and 3-06dirz.txt are on flop 11-10 of set#8 of 17 sets
-
notes4.txt - - - - of 3-06\11th\brick nfo got.
v5-13-06 verses z1 z2 z3 etc for dew5-06 study
this is a new page for notes2.txt
z1 - - - mind of this file is to gather from everywhere in 3-06 dirz things for dew3-06. cut short, and leaving enuff for anyone to fill in the gaps to what this could be. a gather of all available info, crystalized into a complete, yet short reading. printed and kept for its beauty. knowledge simply says you will be 'able to live where and when other people cant'. notes4.txt continues notes2.txt:
- - - content: use search-find on these words to jump chapters.
jump words: notes4.txt, mind, content, overview,---end of pre-nfo--- 1e-15 intro, design 31v, reference, end-note
- - - overview htm/txt: 1e-15 1e-14 1e-12 1d-14 1d-13 1d-ang 1c-8 1c-3 2b-2 1a-7 2b-8 atrium bermed
or use internet words: Moisture Control in Brick and Tile Walls Condensation
. 1e-15.htm: Indoor Air Quality,J.F. Straube Acahrya
. 1e-14.htm:
. 1e-12.htm:
. 1d-14.htm:
. 1d-13.htm:
- end of overview preview nfo -
z2 - - - 1e-15.htm: 1 Indoor-Air-Quality, Healthy Buildings, and Breathing Walls By: J.F. Straube and V. Acahrya. designs to deliver good IAQ: Controled ventilation, design, healthy materials. so-called 'breathing walls' can correct indoor humidity and fungal growth on building surfaces.This paper reviews three basic design strategies for IAQ, role of breathing walls, physics of breathing walls, ways walls can improve IAQ are outlined. A search directed at properties of low-density cement-bonded wood fibre (Durisol) is described. -includes: material tests, field and computer modelling. Some results discussed.
2 -concluded: a holistic way boosts iaq. Breathing walls made of vapour permeable and highly hygroscopic materials, such as Durisol and strawbales, can enhance IAQ when with other factors.
.1 Research Engineer, Building Engineering Group, Civil Engineering Department, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, N2L 3G1.
.2 Vice-president, Durisol Building Systems Ltd., 95 Frid St., Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, L8P 4M3.
z3 -Introduction: some people spend 90% of their lives inside buildings. directly affects health, quality of life, and productivity. modern home contains a chemical soup of volatile organic compounds (VOC-s) like formaldehyde, xylene, isobutylaldehyde, vinyl chloride monomer, and other organochlorides, aldehydes and phenols from all kinds of manufactured wood products, paints, carpets, and synthetic textiles including furniture and carpets, plastics, foam, tile and carpet glue, etc. Radon from the soil, ozone from some electrical appliances, and micron-sized particles from many sources add to the health risk. 20 000 deaths per year by radon gas, -2nd leader of lung cancer. Small particles can penetrate deeper into the lung, damage.
z4 -cold-climate area links allergies, immuno-depression, and illness to amount and type of fungal growth. avoiding humidities over 80% RH fungal spores will be starved of the moisture they need to survive. Mould growth within the building envelope can also affect health if an interior air barrier is not present.
z5 - - - Design:Design stratagies for iaq: avoidance, removal, exclusion, ?,
-avoidance of products that contain solvents, glues and plastics. use natural paints, glues, materials, and systems that can substitute most dangerous building materials, e.g., particle board, waferboard, carpet, foams, paint (Pearson 1994, Baggs 1996). The use of natural (and unpainted) lime- cement plasters and solid wood as wall finishes, and concrete, linoleum, solid wood, and ceramic tiles for floor finishes can reduce total VOC concentrations by an order of magnitude. Occupants must also avoid materials and products that might affect IAQ.
2 -Avoiding fungal growth can be difficult if the surface humidity is over about 80%; paper facing of drywall is an ideal mould growing substrate, ceramic tiles will allow mould growth if soap and skin residue remain on their surface. high, and uniform, wall temperature will ensure that the surface RH remains only slightly above the interior humidity. Thermal bridging at framing members, especially steel studs, can result in dramatically lower surface temperatures and much higher surface humidities. moding indoor RH by use of hygroscopic and "breathable" materials can stop fungal growth. the use of finishes which do not provide food for fungi and/or have a high pH; virtually no fungi can survive on surfaces with a pH over about 10.
3 -Removal: building design should remove pollutants down to at least the level of the outdoor air, if not lower: increased volumes of, and more controllable, ventilation, porous adsorbers, and plants. Hygroscopic materials moderate RH and can permanently adsorb some VOC-s. Plants such as Devil-s Claw and spider plants measurably improve IAQ by filtering and humidifying the air while consuming CO2. Any falling or running water will act as a powerful particulate filter by trapping particles. 75% of all damaging airborne particulates originate in the exterior air. A mix of airtight building enclosure and high quality filtration of ventilation air, by mechanical or natural means, can be used to greatly reduce particulates.
4 -Exclusion: Radon control, requires an airtight floor and/or basement system. serious consequences of exposure. Ventilation of living areas (i.e., removal) does aid radon control, but first design and build the ground floor or basement as airtight as possible to avoid penetration into building. Exclusion of outdoor particulates requires an airtight above-grade building envelope. If the air barrier system is applied to the interior side it can control off-gasing, particulates, and mould spores from within the enclosure system.
5 -The Systems Approach:None of these provide indoor air quality, be holistic. Avoiding materials which offgas is a useful, but ventilation, air barriers, humidity control, and high surface temperatures working together can provide much better IAQ than all independently.
z6-"Atmungsfaehig":"Breathing" Baubiologie,"breathing" implies airflow, but here means a material or assembly is both open to vapour diffusion and hygroscopics. this combination allows much water vapour (and other gases) to be adsorbed and released quickly, thereby regulating the room climate and hence indoor air quality.
z7 Although other gases will also diffuse through walls (exchanging CO2 and oxygen for example), water vapour is one of the primary determinants of a healthy room climate and, as such, is often the primary gas that breathing walls are designed to adsorb. In most healthy houses built using the principles of Baubiologie, the design of the enclosure and interior partitions is based on ensuring water vapour breathability (Krusche et al 1982, Kuenzel 1980).
z8 "Air open" or "dynamic" walls that allow slow and controlled airflow through them are considered by some to be the ideal breathable wall. Research, however, does not support this contention (Kuenzel 1980). While several dynamic wall houses have been built in Canada (Timusk 1987), and Sweden (Levon 1986) such houses require special design and all successful dynamic wall homes have used mechanical means to provide the required level of ventilation flow control. The design goal of these houses is usually a reduction in conductive and exfiltration energy loss (which they can achieve). They do not necessarily improve IAQ, other than by ensuring good ventilation (Taylor et al 1997).
z9 Research Program:The hygrothermal performance of several different enclosure wall systems was studied in some depth with the support of a consortium of seven building product manufacturers (Straube and Burnett 1997). The study involved theoretical investigations, laboratory tests, and the monitoring of moisture and temperature conditions within 26 full-scale test walls. The test walls were instrumented, mounted in the University of Waterloo-s natural exposure and test building, and monitored for two years at 5 minute intervals while exposed to the natural environment of South- western Ontario.
z10 Durisol, a member of the research consortium, has been producing cement-bonded wood-fibre based building products around the world for more than 50 years. As part of the larger study, Durisol was interested in the reasons for the healthy performance of their products and how the properties of cement-bonded wood fibre composites provided this performance. An additional objective was an explanation of the long history of satisfactory performance of Durisol walls even when no polyethylene vapour retarder was installed. The moisture-related performance of the Durisol material was examined and several test walls made of Durisol panels and the insulated concrete form system. Some of the results of this investigation are presented in this paper.
z11 -Cement-bonded wood fibre building products have been used for years because of their beneficial impact on a healthy indoor climate. For example, the Norwegian firm Cobolt Architects uses cement-bonded wood fibre for entire wall and roof constructions, often cladding the inside and out with ventilated wood boards [Pearson 1989]. Strawbales have similar properties, and have also been used in Norway by Dag Roalkvam of Gaia Architects (Lacinski 1996). Dale Bates, a west coast architect specialising in healthy housing, has used cement-bonded wood-fibre based insulated concrete forms in several dozen homes.
z12 -Material Properties:Durisol is a composition of natural raw materials; specially-graded recycled wood particles are neutralised and mineralised before being bonded together with cement. It can be moulded to form any shape and compressed to provide the desired mechanical and thermal properties. Hardened Durisol is lightweight, porous, insulating, exceptionally fire-resistant, termite proof, and very durable, even under harsh environmental conditions. Durisol with a dry density of 500 kg/m3 (30 pcf) has a thermal resistance is about RSI7.0 per m, (R1.75 per inch).
z13 -Healthy Properties:Since Durisol is made of inert and natural materials it obviously does not offgas. Durisol also has properties that reduce the potential for fungal growth on its surface. After reaction with atmospheric carbon dioxide, the pH is approximately 10 (e.g. it is alkaline). Upon delivery, the pH is even higher, so the alkalinity is highest when the product is still wet from production and construction. This level of alkalinity makes the growth of fungi and even viruses virtually impossible. It is for this same reason that lime was historically used to whitewash buildings and stables. (In fact, this practice continues today in dairy barns and other installations where good hygiene is critical).
z14 -The same reasoning applies to interior finishes. Lime and cement-based plasters are alkaline enough that mould growth is stymied, and their breathable properties reduce the likelihood that sufficient moisture will be available for growth in any event. Durisol is also an ideal substrate for plasters, allowing cost savings by eliminating the need for wire mesh or laths with paper backings.
z15 -Moisture Properties:The moisture transport and storage properties of Durisol are an interesting and unique mix of vapour permeability and vapour storage capacity. The only other "structural" material which behaves in a similar manner is compacted straw, although straw, unlike Durisol, has potential fire, moisture, and insect problems. When compared to other common building materials (Figure 1) the vapour permeability (i.e., the permeance per unit thickness of material) is clearly much higher.
z16-The sorption isotherm of some common building materials is plotted in Figure 2. The sorption isotherm, a plot of the equilibrium moisture content of a material versus the relative humidity, is a direct measure of the hygroscopic nature of a material. Again, Durisol behaves in a different manner than many materials. As the humidity climbs from 30% (relatively dry air) to over 70% (a high value), Durisol adsorbs more than 7% of its dry mass in water vapour. Strawbale walls are expected to behave in a similar manner.
Figure 1: Water Vapour Permeance of Various Building Materials (Larger version)
Figure 2: Sorption Isotherm for Various Building Materials (Larger version)
z17-Dynamic Hygric Response:A recent multi-year study concluded that short-term RH peaks of a building-s air can support fungal growth, even though the average conditions are well below the threshold for fungal growth, e.g., 70 to 80% RH (Adan 1994). For example, the simple act of boiling water for cooking creates a significant short-term rise in humidity near the kitchen. After the interior RH has dropped, the fungi can continue to grow for some time using moisture stored within the fungi.
z18-The speed with which a wall surface can absorb moisture is important for avoiding surface condensation and surface relative humidities required to support fungal growth. Materials with a combination of the properties of vapour permeability and high hygroscopicity allow that material to quickly moderate humidity variations by storing or releasing significant quantities of water vapour. A vapour tight finish on walls allows the surface relative humidity to climb to the level where fungal growth can be sustained.
z19-If a material can quickly adsorb moisture from the air, this material will maintain the RH at its surface at a lower and more stable level while also moderating short-term interior air humidity variations. The dynamic hygric response of several wall systems was studied with the aid of computer modelling and field measurements. The results are presented below.
z20-Modelling Hygric Response:Using a sophisticated computerised finite element package (developed by Kuenzel, 1997) the amount of moisture released into a room by several different wall systems was calculated. The program is one of the most advanced in the world (it considers different moisture diffusivities for suction and redistribution, surface diffusion, capillarity, vapour diffusion, etc.).
z21-Each of the assemblies modelled comprised a 200 mm layer of material. Some of the walls were finished with lime plaster, others with gypsum drywall and various paints. Material properties were taken from manufacturer-s data and various sources (ASHRAE 1997, IEA 1997). The simulation considered a wall and room initially at 30%RH followed by an instantaneous rise in room air moisture content to 80%RH. Over the period of a week the simulation calculated the water vapour balance every 15 minutes.
Figure 3 plots the moisture adsorption of four walls for the first 24 hours. All of the systems responded in a similar manner, but the speed of response differed considerably. The initial response was fast, followed by a slow exponentially decaying period. Because the shape of the response curves are similar, the results can be usefully summarised and wall systems approximately ranked: see Table 1.
Figure 3: Calculated hygric response of four wall systems to a 50%RH change (Larger version)
z22-Table 1 shows that there is a large difference between the behaviour of some common wall systems. The plastered Durisol insulated concrete form system and strawbale wall provide about 8 times more vapour control to the indoor environment than the walls used in a typical modern home, and 25 times that of a modern motel room with vinyl wall paper. While the above results do not attempt to exhaustively rate each assembly (the more complex discussions and calculations necessary for this are beyond the scope of this paper), it does provide a relative ranking which clearly shows the problems associated with the use of the most common modern building systems.
z23-The simulation results also showed the clear superiority of lime-based plasters over pure cement-based plaster. The hygroscopic and highly vapour permeable nature of lime plaster provides a very fast response (i.e., several minutes) to changes in the vapour content of the interior air. Substrates like Durisol, strawbales, and brick provide much more moisture storage, storage which participates at longer time scales (i.e., several hours). The worst possible finish is a high-grade vinyl wall, which not only off-gases VOC-s but also returns vapour adsorption values of less than about 10.
z24-Rating Assembly Description [g/m2] -10 Any system with vapour retarding paint (including oil based) or "high- quality" vinyl wall paper
40 Painted gypsum drywall on poly on wood frame, primer + 2 coats latex
90 Concrete, unfinished
110 Modern extruded brick, unfinished
150 Softwood logs, unfinished
240 Strawbale wall with 1" lime plaster
250 Durisol WallForm 20 System, finished with 12.5 mm lime plaster
Table 1: Water vapour absorbed in 24 hours by walls exposed to a 50%RH change
z25-Consider a room with exterior walls that cover 20 m2 of its 3 x 5 meter, 37.5 m3 volume. Air at 20 C and 50%RH contains about 8.7 g/m3. If 200 g of water (about 6.75 fluid ounces) were to be injected into the air, by human metabolism, cooking, etc., the moisture content of the air would rise by 200 g / 37.5 m3 = 5.3 g/m3 and the humidity of the air would rise to above 80%RH. If the source of vapour is cooking or a shower, the water would be quickly injected into the air, and the RH at the surface of any cool exterior wall (in this case any surface cooler than 16 C) would reach 100%. If the exterior walls of a room were able to absorb this moisture, i.e., 200 g / 20 m2 = 10 g/m2 of wall area, the RH within the room would be maintained, and the surface RH would remain below the threshold for fungal growth. This amount of moisture adsorption is easily and quickly (less than one hour) possible for walls rated over about 150 in Table 1; it is not possible for walls rated less than about 50. If all of the room-s walls were breathing walls, the response would be even faster and more powerful.
z26-Outdoor air at 80%RH and 0 C contains about 3.9 g/m3. If the room in the previous example were ventilated at one air change per hour with outdoor air, approximately 37.5 m3 x (8.7 - 3.9) = 180 g of moisture would be removed by ventilation. Thus, ventilation is just as powerful a means of controlling indoor air moisture content as breathable walls. In buildings made with vapour tight walls, ventilation becomes the most important means of vapour control. Ventilation, however, cannot always guarantee moisture removal in the corners of rooms, behind furniture, etc. Ventilation is always necessary because it aids in the removal of other pollutants and delivers oxygen to a room faster than diffusion. Unfortunately, controlling ventilation requires mechanisms (electronics and fans) and/or proper occupant control.
z27-Hygroscopic, "breathable" walls operate automatically, require no energy and cannot break down. Such walls can also react much more quickly than ventilation. Ventilation and breathing walls are likely best used as complementary techniques for ensuring IAQ.
z28-Field Measurements of Hygric Response:Although computer modelling can be a powerful tool, field measurements are always the best and most reliable means of testing theory. A total of ten different wall types were part of the research program. Space limitations allow for the comparison of only two -- the Durisol Insulated Concrete Form system and a well-built, highly insulated steel stud wall system, both clad with brick veneer. Simplified horizontal sections of the walls are shown in Figure 4.
Wall B clearly contains more thermal mass and a large amount of vapour storage. However, another major difference was the use of a vapour barrier. The Wall A used a sheet of 6 mil polyethylene (0.06 US perms, 3.4 ng/Pa/s/m2 ) behind the drywall finish. Wall B used an unpainted sheet of drywall only -- unpainted drywall is very vapour permeable (over 20 US perms or 2000 ng/Pa/s/m2). To create a potentially dangerous situation, 51 mm of extruded polystyrene insulation (vapour resistant) was placed outside of Wall B, and the drywall was left unpainted to "trap" vapour in the wall. Vapour permeable plasters or recycled rockwool insulation is typically recommended outside of Durisol walls, or thicker, more highly insulated forms are specified.
Figure 4: Horizontal section of test walls (schematic)
z29-Figures 5 and 6 plot the relative humidity measured in the Wall A and B respectively over the winter period (from 961031 to 970331. The maximum and the minimum 15 minute average values for each day have been plotted from the data collected at 5 minute intervals. The interior of the test house was carefully maintained at 21 C 1 C and 50% 5%RH over the entire period. This is a higher RH than most houses but is representative of many commercial building environments.
A comparison of the two plots clearly shows the humidity moderating effect within the Durisol material of Wall B. Over the entire heating period, the daily RH variation (i.e., maximum less minimum) was 15.3% for Wall A and only 2.6% for Wall B.
An inspection of the relative humidity measurements in Wall B also shows that they never approached levels at which condensation might occur, even though there was no vapour retarder on the warm side of the wall, and despite a relatively impermeable outer sheathing. This data was collected over a winter in which the outdoor temperature dropped below -20 C (-4 F) several times. In fact, Wall A with a polyethylene retarder exhibited far more chance of condensation than Wall B. If the drywall had been painted, the Durisol plastered, or the EXPS sheathing replaced with a more vapour permeable material, the RH in Wall B would have been even lower.
Figure 5: Maximum and minimum relative humidity in Wall A (Larger version)
z30-Wall B also exhibited much higher summertime RH-s because of vapour flow from the outdoors to the indoors. The polyethylene trapped this vapour within Wall A. These inward vapour drives have been found to be a problem in many walls, especially in climates similar to or warmer than South-western Ontario (Straube and Burnett 1995).
Figure 6: Maximum and minimum relative humidity in Wall B (Larger version)
z31-Conclusions:The indoor air quality of a building directly impacts the health and productivity of its occupants. There are several design strategies that can be used to deliver good IAQ. Controlled ventilation, proper design, occupant behaviour, and the use of appropriate healthy building materials within a holistic design approach can provide good indoor air quality. As part of a complete IAQ design strategy, so-called breathing walls can moderate indoor humidity and practically eliminate the potential for fungal growth on building surfaces.
The properties of the Durisol cement-bonded wood fibre material, like strawbale, are ideal for use in breathing walls because of their combination of vapour permeable and hygroscopic properties.
The results from the field monitoring demonstrated both the humidity moderating effect and the fact the no polyethylene vapour barrier is required in such walls.
z32 - - -References
-Adan, O., On the Fungal Defacement of Interior Finishes, Ph.D Thesis, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands, 1994.
-ASHRAE, 1997. 1997 ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals, Atlanta: American Society of Heating Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.
-Baggs, S. and J., The Healthy House: the Gaian approach to creating a safe healthy and environmentally friendly home, Harper & Collins, Sydney, 1996.
-Bower, J., Healthy House Building, The Healthy House Institute, Unionville, Indiana, 1993.
-Fisk W. and Rosenfeld A., "Improved Productivity and Health from Better Indoor Environments", Center for Building Science Newsletter, Lawrence-Berkeley Labs, Summer, 1997.
-International Energy Agency. Report Annex 24, Task 1: Hygrothermal Properties of Building Materials. ed. M.K. Kumaran, 1997.
-Krusche, P, Weig-Krusche, M., Althaus, D., Gabriel, I., Oekologisches Bauen, Bauverlag, Berlin, 1982.
-Kuenzel, H., "Muessen Aussenwaende %atmungsfaehig- sein?" wksb, Nov., 1980, pp. 1-4.
-Kuenzel, H.M., WUFI V2.0 - Simultaneous Heat anWUFI V2.0 - Simultaneous Heat and Moisture Transport in Building Components, Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics, August 1997.
-Levon, B.-V., "Experimentbyggnade i Norden", Swedish Council for Building Research, Report T5, 1986, pp. 158-160.
-Marinelli, J. and Bierman-Lyle, P., Your Natural Home. Little, Brown, & Co., Boston, 1995, pp. 81-84.
-Pearson, D., The Natural House Book, Simon & Schuster/Fireside, New York, 1989.
-Roodman, D.M., and Lenssen, N., A. Building Revolution: How Ecology and Health Concerns are Transforming Construction. World Watch Institute, Washington, D.C., 1995.
-Rousseau, D., Rea, W.J., Enwright, J. Your Home, Your Health, and Well-Being. Hartley & Marks, Vancouver, 1989.
-Scanada Consultants, Mould in Finished Basements, Report for Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Ottawa, 1995.
-Significance of Fungi in Indoor Air: Report of a Working Group. Health & Welfare Canada, Ottawa, 1987.
-Straube, J.F. Burnett, E.F.P.. In-Service Performance of Enclosure Walls. Volume 1: Summary Final Report. Building Engineering Research Report: University of Waterloo, 1997.
-Straube, J.F., and Burnett, E.F.P., "Moisture Movement in Building Enclosure Wall Systems", Proceedings of the Thermal Performance of Building Envelopes VI, Clearwater Beach Florida, December 4-7, 1995, pp. 177 - 188.
-Taylor, B J, Webster, R., Imbabi, M.S., "The use of dynamic and diffusive insulation for combined heat recovery and ventilation in buildings", Building Environmental Performance Analysis Club, Proceedings of Sustainable Building Conference, Feb 5-6, 1997, Abingdon, UK, pp. 168-174.
-Timusk, J, "Design, Construction, and Performance of a Dynamic Wall House", Presented at AIVC Conference, Sept 24, 1987, Ueberlingen, Germany.
-Turpin, B. " sdg" ASHRAE Summer Meeting, 28 June- 2 July, 1997.
-van Vliet, J., Building Materials for the Environmentally Hypersensitive, Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Ottawa, 1995.
-Lacinski, P., "Breathing Wall", The Last Straw - the journal of strawbale construction, Spring 1996.
- - - end-notes
-no end- updates of notes2.txt and 3-06dirz.txt are on flop 11-10 of set#8 of 17 sets
my-water.txt - - - - a 4-9-06 study of collecting storing energizing and
fortifing water, so it dosnt suck! fort out you. mystory: 1.collect nfo, 2.mix
data, 3.test ideas
content: devisions, jump to ' - - - ' or use words:
my-water, content, cause, key-words, resources, study-path, dew-methods,
file-subjects, new-works, paragraph-clips, directory, files: -by subject, -with
clips, -cliped, pulling-apart, clips: -by subject, ideas: -weather, -list of
devices in text, sorting by pictures(see my-wapic.txt),sorting text as did
pics(see my-watxt.txt), -flops, Mr. X,
- ' cause ' of this file: i want to test types now, today!
- key words: condensation water moisture vapour dew humidity collect, vortex
crack cull polymerization growth, vicktor-schauberger dew-utilization ur
energies, fiber crystal plastic carbo hydro sludge petroleum, form cool,
temperature pressure humidity, refridgeration, dehumidifiers, dew-collectors,
air-conditioners, dew-ponds, air-wells, Solar-Still Condenser camping
resources: books, hard-copys, papers, parts, nature,
- study-path: try dew306.zip files\pnt\dew related, then mold, then grain
files, brick? encyclopedia key-words, survival books, find basic principle(s):
massive and plant, examples.
- if further studied: search read-me\master\lists of collected nfo and where:
3as1 clay-mix.txt, to find related e-nfo or paper-copies. no internet or public
library? the power of morning-dew, old german tales?
- dew-Methods: Mechanical, Electromagnetic, Chemical, Orgone & Scalar
Methods,Air Wells, Dew Ponds, Fog Fences, survival pits.
- file-subjects: of dew3-06 study contain: d-dew m-mold g-grain b-brick .
-dew:what is it, powers, collecting, storing, enegizing
-mold: what is it, keeping it from eating your shel
-grain storage: moisture and bugs
-brick: results for Moisture Control in Brick and Tile Walls Condensation,
atriums
- 4-06\9th files are new-works for dew3-06 study, and are not hardcopied to
this day 4-12-06.
- instead of pulling apart every txt, i gather 'paragraph-clips' that relate to
a subject:
1.air and dew-collecting concepts:
2.known device types, responses:
3.my ideas based on 1, 2, area materials and location. (jump to ' pulling
apart ' to hear more.)
- - - Directory of C:\TEMP\temp\3-06\11th\pnt\Ws0dw306
KEEP HTM 44 fx
---11--- --- 7 02-21-06 1:48p ---11---.---
--DEW306 --- 7 02-21-06 1:44p --DEW306.---
3-06DIRZ TXT 96,283 all dirz of 3-06 records
DEW-LINK TXT d 9,854 files with web-link address
DIRZ TXT 3,402 dew306 related dirz
DW-LK-BK TXT 9,824 bak
HOW2HTM TXT 422 fx
KEEP2 HTM 44 fx
MY HTM 28,013 fx?
NOTES2 TXT d 51,786 over-view 1e-7 1c-2 1c-5 klaphake cherk 1d-ang
NOTES3 TXT d 19,235 bagel, get pics
NOTES4 TXT m 26,084 1e-15 for notes2.txt? iaq
READ-MEE TXT 51,027 file nfo with notes
NOTES TXT d 21,077 airwell.htm airwell2?=patents sim2 bagel
AIRWELSM TXT d 71,354 airwell.htm
1A-12M TXT g 21,170 02-21-06 1:35p 1A-12M.TXT
--BRICK- --- 7 devided area of dew study
2B-2M TXT m 24,175 Moisture Control in Buildings
1D-ANGM TXT b 22,128 02-21-06 1:36p 1D-ANGM.TXT
1A-7M TXT g 17,945 02-21-06 1:36p 1A-7M.TXT
1C-3M TXT m! 37,293 02-21-06 1:36p 1C-3M.TXT
1D-14M TXT g 16,870 02-21-06 1:36p 1D-14M.TXT
3D-12M TXT g 11,971 02-21-06 1:37p 3D-12M.TXT
--GRAIN- --- 9 devided area of dew study
3D-14M TXT g 12,059 02-21-06 1:38p 3D-14M.TXT
3D-13M TXT g 33,698 02-21-06 1:38p 3D-13M.TXT
3D-10TM TXT g 35,565 02-21-06 1:37p 3D-10TM.TXT
3-1M TXT g 10,976 02-21-06 1:37p 3-1M.TXT
1-1M TXT g 9,303 02-21-06 1:37p 1-1M.TXT
AIRWL2PM TXT d 48,673 02-21-06 1:38p AIRWL2PM.TXT
---15--- --- 7 02-21-06 1:52p ---15---.---
-AIRWL2B --- 7 02-21-06 1:53p -AIRWL2B.---
BAGELM TXT d 22,762 02-21-06 1:38p BAGELM.TXT
--1C-15- --- 7 devided area of dew study
MY-GRAIN TXT 51,027 files cut\merged into one
MY-GR2 TXT 54,738 works with small pc
MS-DOS~1 PIF 995 MS-DOS Prompt
DIR TXT 0 pnt files\ you are reading it
41 file(s) 822,031 bytes
2 dir(s) 57,757,696 bytes free
-end-
- 3-06\11-20\pnt\my-water.txt \ this review:
- dew files: dew-link notes2 notes3 notes airwell aiwell2 bagel
- mold files: notes4 2b-2 1c-3
- grain files: 1a-12 1a-7 1d-14 3d-12 3d-14 3d-13 3d-10 3-1 1-1
- brick files: 1d-ang
- files with clips for cause: i want ideas2test! or state content of each file,
and clip each paragraph first. files covered so far:
-dew files:dew-link 1c-2 1c-5 klaphake cherk airwells airwell2 bagel.txt,
total:seven
-mold files:
-grain files:
-brick files:
-note files:
notes.txt: of airwells.txt
notes2.txt:over-view 1e-7 1c-2 1c-5 klaphake cherk 1d-ang.
notes3.txt: bagel.txt (sim2 airwel)
notes4.txt: 1e-15, mold brick info, include: 1e-14 1e-12 1d-14 1d-13 1d-ang
1c-8 1c-3 2b-2 1a-7 2b-8 atrium bermed
- - - paragraph-clips of files:
- dew-link.txt: internet links to most files used in dew306 study
- notes2.txt: content: cause purpose of file, overview of dew306 study, spot
for best random nfo, orderly list of files with content nfo of each file. some
content included: principles of dew, but no device descriptions?
use!, sort basic principles, Recovery of Atmospheric Humidity. -files reported
on in notes2.txt: over-view jump to 1e-7 1c-2 1c-5 klaphake cherk 1d-ang.txt
notes2.txt shows only a brief description of each file content, but then most
usable parts for trying my own device, this fits the cause of this txt you are
reading. example:
1e-7.htm: file content: device: Feodosian type, Neuman, Mahrer 1971,Zibold
1905, asias water-problem dew-details project,method, observed. (extreem dew
detail then follows.
then notes2.txt goes on to review next file: 1c-2 1c-5 etc.)
- clips from random-notes of notes2.txt:
factors: humidity of air entering device, amount of air passing the device,
materials used: absorbtion, radiation, shape.
physics: sharp objects strike humid air, causing condensation to be strongest
at these points?
for Ranque-HILSCH vortex-tube make made detail build air heat airwell
dew-ponds fog-fences russel implosion vs explo and vortex-science. (notes2.txt
ends with flop location)
here is clips of notes2.txt, parts that tell you what is being said. found a
clip you like? look for it in notes2.txt to hear more, example:your looking for
somthing on 'dew behaviour' or 'dew-collecting' or 'principle' or
'device-construction' nfo.
notes2.txt clips of each paragraph: people god likes the most..., the mind of
this file is..., study seems to emerge at..., random nfo: mystory - people -
factors - physics..., all gathered dew-info, by date..., 1e-7.htm: content:
device: Feodosian type..., method tested in 47 regions, 22 countries..., if
drop of water with a radius of more than critical is placed into an
oversaturate vapour, the growth of this..., during night time water vapour very
often is unstable and for the start of the second phase in atmosphere i.e.
drops creation..., temperature in May-October makes 27-300C, relative humidity
60-80%. It means, that in each cubic
meter is contained 20-24 g of water. Reducing the temperature on 10-150C from
each cubic meter it is possible to get 10-14 g..., water was bridged to them by
gravity through 'potter-pipes', which went from special by an (image) organized
detritus heaps . These wells were supplied by water from detritus heaps 2-5...,
Coastal'breeze-circulation' is a key process of Feodosian types(Neuman, Mahrer,
1971). At night there is an intensive cooling of stones composing the...,
Advantages: This resource of fresh water is constantly renewed. can be obtained
in...,
1c-2.htm: This research attempts to outline methods for extracting...
ways2maximize output. retained by:plant rootmass and underground aquifers.
13,000 cubic kilometers of water "resident" in the atmosphere at any given
point in time. (get pic? there is thirteen times as much fresh water in the air
as there is in all of the rivers..., basic principle: Have a cold surface, and
a flow of humid air going over it. reduce it to... a flow of fresh molecules
that may catch and condense on the apparatus. pic..., tests: built a small such
device: This was a proof-of-concept model..., this prototype was able to
condense water at rates from 1 cup to 1 quart of water per hour. heater core
dimensions 6"x8"x2", but due to the hundreds of folds in the copper metal, had
a surface area at just over 7 square feet. tests revealed..., Ironically, it
generally takes heat to make cold. e-frigerators (types compared)..., Carlos
Espinoza of the Northern University of Chile. He created a prototype condenser
unit consisting of 1300 vertical artificial fiber filaments which provided
surface area for water droplets to form on and drip into a holding tank. his
area has a heavy coastal fog. sim2 San Francisco Bay Area which (details of
device)..., a machine that just sits in the sun, drawing the heat and power it
needs to create the cold to run a condenser able to draw water from the air
night and day? -fantasy and disguises info skipped- Real Goods device in
African villages. machine has coils (nfo fig)..., other tools available or
concept-study: photovoltaic cells, windmills, super-insulated frigerators.
after fresh water supply is secured: storage, sanitation, bacteria, wise
use:hydroponics, showers, powers. area in Chile...,
1c-5.htm: case by D. Beysens and I. Milimouk: abstract, intro, main.
abstract:This paper describes methods of obtaining..., solar stills can be used
to desalinate seawater..., Air: nitrogen 78% , oxygen 21%, varying amounts of
water in vapour form depending on its temperature and pressure. amount of water
in air is calculated from..., fog:Fog-nets work best were?: coastal deserts,
eg. W.Africa -Namibia, S.America -Chile and Peru, ocean humidity condenses as
fog on the mid-range mountains 500m most of the year, as a thick(area, devices,
results)..., All it takes is for the substrate's temp to fall to below dew
temp, the temp at which water vapour is over-saturated and changes into liquid
water. Fig.2- explained above. Dominant factors: A substrate's temp (much
detail)..., Thus, two main categories of dew condenser can be identified...,
Dew "springs" and "ponds": the Tourane steppe in the USSR, large artificial
embankment composed of crushed stones. At top are... A layer of permanent ice
lies inside each, even though there is no permanent ice in the region..., in
England, in dry areas, bowl-shaped hollows several cubic metres in size were
dug in the ground. The base was..., Canary Islands, vines are planted in the
centre of a conical depression in volcanic ash and the dew..., Massive aerial
condensers: Belgian Achille Knapen built an immense tower. Within the tower was
a "puits a,rien", or "aerial well", which was nine metres high and (zibold
method\style and successor nfo and observations, much nfo)... contact between
the pebbles. The condensation mass to surface ratio proved to be important. The
new "ideal" dew condenser theory: It must be light so that it cools down
quickly at night(Fig. 2). In fact it is like grass..., Radiative aerial
condensers: The yield of radiative cooling condensers is limited by the
radiated night power,which is in the region of 25 to 150 Watts/my. Ideally, if
all this power were used to condense (many device examples)... condenser's
architecture with regard to wind use, since the wind carries the water vapour
necessary for the condenser to operate, but also heats it and can completely
prevent condensation from occurring. University of Corsica's Vignola laboratory
near Ajaccio: The quantity of dew settling on a standard 0.16my plate is
weighed continuously and compared to the theory which requires simultaneous
local temperature, humidity and wind speed readings to be carried out on-site.
The Vignola results are chemically analysed to (much nfo on it)..., Seawater
condensers: a heat exchanger cooled by deep-sea water (typically pumped from a
depth of 500m, at..., Adsorption-desorption on desiccants: silica aerogels,
zeolites, adsorb atmospheric water at ambient temperature. For regeneration,
the desiccant needs to be heated to 150-300oC. The water vapour is then
recovered by...,
klaphake.txt: Wolf Klaphake... When air is saturated with water vapor, it
rains, and one should be inclined to think that the air is saturated, when it
cannot take up any more water. This conception is wrong, for air can contain
almost any amount of water, providing it is presented to it in the right form.
Air, having..., It is said that air is saturated with water vapor when the air
is above a flat surface of the same temperature, and when the same number of
water molecules leave the surface as return to it, but when the surface of the
water is convex towards the air..., air above Europe would yield a rainfall
less than one inch per day. The high rainfall of that continent is due...,
current rises. This is, however, only one factor in rain-making...,
condensation there takes place in the form of dew, and the circumstances are
very similar to those in higher regions. Dew is condensed humidity and is
deposited chiefly on objects which are..., does dew rise or fall? Aristotle
says the dew fell. Charles Wells "Essays on Dew" 1814. showed dew fell. John
Aitken (1) 1880, showed..., Aitken calls attention to the water drops on the
leaves, in the morning sun. a striking example that dew..., Thus figures for
annual depth of water fallen as dew differ considerably. Loesche estimates the
amount of dew for a single night on the West African coast at 3 mm, equal to
one-eighth of an inch. On the Desertas, uninhabited islands near Madeira, dew
falls so heavily that sometimes rivulets run down...,
-The amount of dew collected by different materials is largely due to their
nature. W.C. Wells gives a list of materials according to their capacity for
collecting dew. By far the highest effect was found with swan's down, then flax
and cotton, followed by silk, paper, straw, wool, earth, charcoal, glass-sand,
river-sand, chalk powder --- a list which runs roughly parallel to the specific
heats of the materials names.
-However, it is improbable that the humidity of the air is only condensed on
the surface of the earth; it certainly is absorbed in great quantities, too.
Beside the plants, which are able to absorb water from the air with their
leaves, the soil absorbs it as well. Ginestous (2) has shown that in the
northern...,
(a study of analysis tools themselves tells you somthing) ...nuclei are
essential for the condensation of water from the air, either in form of dew or
of rain, but it is not yet clear how a nucleus is to be understood and how it
works. Aitken invented a simple apparatus by..., Is it possible to make rain?
Everybody has heard of the attempts to produce rain by firing shells against
the sky, by exploding dynamite, by blowing sand or chemicals, with or without
electric charges, into the clouds..., One method: N.Mexico consist of
desert-like plains, partly overgrown with cacti. Under certain conditions,
which appear to be great heat, no wind, and a cloudless sky, the Indians set
the cacti afire..., Canary Islands, obtaining water by shaking the trees in the
morning and collecting..., the rustics smooth the surface of the slop of a
mountain by means of clay, thus preparing an area of about 40 sq ft, which they
surround with a small wall. This area is covered with a thick layer of straw.
During the night the straw collects dew as grass does, but..., construction,
many varieties. Generally: a saucer-shaped mould covered with a layer of straw,
on top of which a layer of puddled clay is rammed, the latter being frequently
protected by stones or chalk. Martin info: ramming the clay carefully...,
Italians have tried since the Great War, to create a water supply from the
atmosphere. They have built high walls of mud bricks with sloping sides, both
of which they covered with smooth, condensing surfaces. At the bases of either
side, troughs or channels are fitted running..., Foggaras of the Sahara Desert
are elaborate constructions, consisting of subterranean passages many miles
long. They are dug by hand into the slopes of the mountains, and are big enough
for a man to..., before the Roman Empire, whole townships relied on water
condensed from air, many descriptions in old books. reading Maimonides a
Spaniard who lived roughly 1000 years ago, a description of Palestine...,
The principle is simple. In India and other tropical climates(make one?), rooms
are found in houses which have very thick walls and small windows right under
the ceiling. These rooms are remarkably cool, and that is understandable, for
the cool air flows through the windows into the room during the night and is
kept there in the daytime, since it cannot escape through the windows, and as
these rooms are well insulated by their thick walls. If, in such a room, holes
are made near the bottom, so that the cool air can flow out, water condenses on
the walls, for the humidity condenses on the cool surfaces. ...day and night
temperatures --- the greater this difference the more favorable are the
conditions --- and this is the reason why the buildings of ancient times were
situated on the tops of the hills. At first the process was tried by insulating
a room (get full nfo)... were tried, but that finally adopted was a sugarloaf
shaped building, about 50 ft high, with walls at least 6 ft thick, with holes
on the top and at the bottom, the inner surface being enlarged by a network of
walls of a material with great surface. The outer wall is made of concrete to
be able to take up a great amount of thermal units, the inner surface consists
of sandstone or any other porous material. The building produces water during
the day and cools itself during the night; when the sun rises...,
-! The essential principle in obtaining water from the air has thus been shown
to be --- a great water condensing surface which must be well protected against
the heat of the sun and at the same time it is necessary that the air should
pass to the condensing surface slowly, in order that it may cool properly and
so deposit its water. The conclusion of this is --- that a big heap of stones
would do the same thing as the above-described buildings. The last experiments
in Yugoslavia followed this line, where one did produce a small amount of
water.This process used by the old Greeks for Theodosia, artificial heaps of
stones condensed the necessary water on the surrounding hills, whence pipes ran
down to the city. These heaps were about 10,000 ft square and 30 ft high, 500
gal daily.
-! keep mositure out! Paris, Achille Knapen (4) is working- To dry wet walls of
buildings, he has invented a tube, closed at one side, which he calls "siphon
atmospherique monobranche", and it has proven successful, as its use is simple,
cheap, and effective. He transferred the principle of this tube to a building,
shaped similar to the above proposition, and erected a big experimental "Puits
Aerien". results unknown.
-cherk.htm: Aleksandra Pasyeka, Ukraine: Left unaddressed, these shortages
could lead to hunger, civil unrest, and even wars over water. potential
political instability. (many figures and possibilities)
updates of notes2.txt and 3-06dirz.txt are on flop 11-10 of set#8 of 17 sets
- notes3.txt: content: cause, purpose, files used: bagel.txt:
clips from each paragraph of notes3.txt: Air Wells & Dew Ponds rexresearch.com
See also: Wolf Klaphake. Humans need..., Reginald E. Newell (M.I.T.)found 10
huge "atmospheric rivers, -Dew ponds still be found on the highest ridges of
England's bleak Sussex Downs and on...(described with observations), details in
Scientific American (May 1934):"An essential feature of the dew-pond
is...(gif), Another form by S.B. Russell in the 1920s. Popular
Science(September 1922)popsci.com:"A dew reservoir 30 feet square will
collect...(gif), 1930 Belgian inventor Achille Knapen built an "air well" atop
a 600-foot high hill at Trans-en-Provence in France.18 months to complete.
described...(gif), Leon Chaptal built at Montpellier 1929. The pyramidal
concrete structure was...(gif + observations), -Calice Courneya patented an air
well
in 1982 (USP #4,351,651):"A heat exchanger at or near subsurface
temperature...(details + gif), 1950s Henri Coanda, method to produce pure water
from saline. a big silo with reflective walls, mounted several inches over a
tidal pool. silo angled to catch and multiply the sunlight, this superheats
the...(patent + gif), space station Mir , The
Aqua-Cycle, by William Madison, was introduced in 1992: It resembles a drinking
fountain and..., Fog-Fences: 1945, Theodore Schumann, a unique cloud-condenser
on top of 3,000 ft. Table Mountain, Capetown. design: two large parallel
fences of wire netting, one insulated and one grounded, which would...(gif),
Alvin Marks invented the "Power Fence" to generate electricity from the wind by
means of a charged aerosol which was dispersed from microscopic holes in the
tubing of the fence. Marks calculated that if the wind averaged 25 mph, a mile
of fence would generate...(gif), EGD Fog Dispersal System, by Meredith Gourdine
has been used at Los Angeles and Ontario International
Airports and by the Air Force since 1986. The system uses an electrically
charged mist that is sprayed into the fog over runways, thus...,
similar:Hendricus Loos (USP 4,475,927):"[The system consists of] gapped air
jets laden with electrically charged droplets of low mobility, a ground corona
guard in the form of a shallow water-and-oil basin, and..., "fog trap" at
Chungungo, Chile. A group of 50 fog-traps made of plastic mesh stand atop a
2,600 ft. mountain and collect up to 2,000 gallons daily. Walter Canto,
said..., ideal locations for fog traps, references, updates of notes2.txt and
3-06dirz.txt are on flop 11-10 of set#8 of 17 sets
- - notes.txt: of airwells.txt? same as notes3.txt(bagel) but appears to have
more or defferet concepts and details of devices dew, fog-fence nfo not added,
see airwells.txt? : clips from paragraphs:
for 3-06\11th\airwel.htm...,
content: Intro, Mechanical Methods, Electromagnetic Methods, Chemical Methods,
Orgone & Scalar Methods, Air Wells, Dew Ponds, Fog Fences, References
- Introduction:Humans must drink...,key words..., about airwells.htm:
..., concepts:, Does dew rise from the soil by evaporation or precipitates by
condensation from the air..., the favorable conditions for the formation of
dew: (1) a ...,The best material is...,
-Two main forms of dew condensers...,
- Natural radiative cooling is limited to between 25 and 150 W/m2 at night.
After compensating for latent condensation heat, the ideal maximum yield could
not be over 1 liter per sq. m. One acre could produce several hundred gallons
each night. Thus, the ideal dew collector would be a "radiative aerial
condenser" (the basic form of flowers and leaves?) such as...
- There are several patents extant for glorified air conditioners that
dehumidify the air to produce potable water, but they all require electrical
power.
- remains of 3-inch diameter terracotta pipes
- bowl-shaped (egg?) collection area with drainage
- if the air is far from its saturation limit, and if the device for obtaining
fresh water is disposed near the sea, it is possible to use [windmills] for...
-The yield depends on the amount of air and its relative and specific humidity,
and the soil temperature, thermal conductivity, and moisture.
-Acoustic resonance within the pipes might...of acoustic refrigeration could be
used to advantage, as well as the Hilsch-Ranque vortex tube. ...could augment
the yield of water in a desert environment.
- ...condensing surface must be rough, and the surface tension sufficiently low
that the condensed water can drip. The incoming air must be moist and damp. The
low interior temperature is established by reradiation at night and by the
lower temperature of the soil. Air flow was controlled by plugging or opening
the vent holes as necessary. (Ref. 5)(Figure 23)
- "A better method consisted in selecting a mountain slope, smoothing it with
cementitious or other material apt to make the surface watertight, and covering
it with an insulating material, so that the cover formed over the area a canopy
or roof which was supported by pillars or ridges. The sides of the canopy were
closed, whereas the upper and lower ends were left open by constructing holes
or vents to allow the air to pass under the roof. This construction proved to
be very successful, as the cooling surface of the inner part was highly
effective. The disadvantage was that the structure was very expensive, and so a
return was made to the block house type. "Many types of building were tried,
but that finally adopted was a sugarloaf-shaped building, about 50 ft high,
with walls at least 6 ft thick,"The essential principle in obtaining water from
the air has thus been shown to be --- a great water condensing surface which
must be well protected against the heat of the sun and at the same time it is
necessary that the air should pass to the condensing surface slowly, in order
that it may cool properly and so deposit its water. The conclusion of this is
--- that a big heap of stones would do the same thing as the above-described
buildings." (Ref. 6)
- OPUR has developed a commercial model (CRSQ-250) that is available in a
portable kit www.opur.u-bordeaux.fr
- Israelis irrigated plants dew condensers constructed of polyethylene. A
similar method was developed in the 1980s using specially prepared foil
condensers to irrigate saplings. (Refs. 13, 14)
- "foggaras" that have been dug into the sides of mountains. The tunnels
connect with the surface through an air vent every 75 feet or so, serving to
collect humidity and seepage.
- - links: International Organization For Dew Utilization ]
http://www.opur.u-bordeaux.fr/index.htm , vapair.com, rexresearch.com
(airwel2.htm
- - inventors with specificatins:
- Zibold's Air Well - www.opur.u-bordeaux.fr/index.htm rexresearch.com
- Belgian inventor Achille Knapen built "Puits Aerien" described in Popular
Mechanics Magazine, thus:Figure 18 ~ Knapen's Air Well:Figure 19 ~ Knapen's USP
# 1,816,592:Figure 20 ~ Knapen's Air Well,682352a0.gif Improved:Figure 21 ~
Knapen's Wall-Attached Air Well: Popular Science Magazine -March 1933,
- Leon Chaptal, director of the French Agricultural Physics and Bioclimatology
Station at Montpellier, who built a small air well near Montpellier in 1929
after being inspired in turn by the work of Zibold.
- Wolf Klaphake 1920s and 30s. Klaphake began to study air wells after he read
the works of
- Maimonides, a Spaniard who wrote in the Arabic language about 1,000 years
ago. In his description of Palestine, Maimonides mentions the use of water
condensers there.
- Oleg Bernikov received Russian Patent # 2,190,448 for an "Independent Complex
for Separating Moisture from Air", for use near seas. The construction contains
two levels of pebbles separated by a water-permeable floor. Wet air is pumped
from the surface through intake pipes into low-pressure cavities in the pebble
beds created by sun-heated suction pipes. Moisture settles on the pebbles and
drains into a reservoir. Bernikov states that "Because the floor is constantly
wet, it reduces the temperature of the lower level of pebbles to and below the
dew point, which results in intensive backflow of moisture into the water
collector." (Figure 24)
- In 1982, Calice Courneya patented an underground air well (USP # 4,351,651)
that employs the same principle of using the ground as a heat sink:This is an
advantage because the greatest humidity in the atmosphere is near the surface."
At 90oF and 80% Relative Humidity (RH), the air well yields about 60 lb water
daily. At 20% RH, the yield is only about 3 lb/day. The yield is even lower at
lower temperatures.
- ! Courneya's design is similar to Walter Rogers' earlier USP # 4,234,037,
issued for an "Underground Heating and Cooling System", which includes a water
trap. (Figure 28)Figure 28 ~ Walters' USP # 4,234,037:
- French inventor Henri Coanda designed an elegant method to desalinate water
in Morocco (USP #2,803,591) The French government forced Coanda to cease
operations because his device threatened their monopoly on salt production.
(Figure 29)Coanda also received USP # 2,761,292 for his "Device for Obtaining
Drinkable Water" from the saturated air of sea coasts.
- Soviet cosmonauts aboard space station Mir used a system that recovered
water from the air. The Aqua-Cycle, invented by William Madison, has been
marketed since 1992. It resembles a drinking fountain and functions as such,
but it is not connected to any plumbing. It contains a refrigerated
dehumidifier and a triple-purification system (carbon, deionization, and UV
light) that produces water as pure as triple-distilled. Under optimal operating
conditions (80o/ 60% humidity) the unit can produce up to 5 gallons daily (US
Patents # 6,644,060 ~ # 6,490,879). The devices are sold by Vapair
Technologies, Inc (Sandy, UT) for about $2500. (www.vapair.com ;
1-866-233-0296)
- US Patents # 6,182,453 and # 6,490,879 were granted for such a design.
Francis Forsberg's European Patent # EP 1,142,835 describes a similar system.
Several other patents have been granted for various forms of dehumidifiers,
employing for example the the thermoelectric Peltier Effect: USP # 2,779,172, #
2,919,553, # 2,944,404, # 3,740,959, # 4,315,599, # 4,506,510, etc. (Figures 33
- 36)
- Another promising method to collect atmospheric humidity makes use of
hygroscopic dessicants such as silica gel or zeolite. The dessicant is
regenerated by heating and the water vapor is condensed. The considerable
energy requirements for such systems can be ameliorated by solar-heated
intermittent absorption or zeolite refrigeration systems such as have been
developed in recent years. Several patents have been granted for various
embodiments of this technique (www.rexresearch.com/airwell2/airwell2.htm and
.../interefr/ patents.htm ): US Patent # 2,138,689 ~ # 2,462,952 ~ # 3,400,515
~ # 4,146,372 ~ # 4,219,341 ~ # 4,242,112 ~ # 4,285,702 ~ # 4,304,577 ~ #
4,342,569 ~ # 4,345,917 ~ # 5,846,296, etc. (Figures 37, 38)
- other method: The water collectors known as "dew ponds" on the highest ridges
of England's bleak Sussex Downs and on the Marlborough and Wiltshire Hills, and
connected to castle walls. They always contain some water that apparently
condenses from the air during the night. Gilbert White described a dew pond at
Selbourne (south of London), only 3 feet deep and 30 feet in diameter, that
contained some 15,000 gallons of water which supplied 300 sheep and cattle
every day without fail.
Investigations by UNEP (1982) and by Pacey and Cullis (1986) confused dew
precipitation with rainfall --- two different processes. The ponds may also
collect fog. (Ref 18)
Edward A. Martin proved that dew ponds are not filled by precipitated dew
because the water usually is warmer than the air, so no dew could be deposited.
He concluded that mist condenses on the water already in the pond, or else the
grass collects dew which gravitates to the bottom and forms a pond. Both
mechanisms probably are active.
- - dew-ponds and fog-fence info (that may directly aid you in construction):
dewponds: found on the highest ridges of England's bleak Sussex Downs and on
the Marlborough and Wiltshire Hills, Gilbert White described a dew pond at
Selbourne (south of London), only 3 feet deep and 30 feet in diameter,
Investigations by UNEP (1982) and by Pacey and Cullis (1986),Edward A. Martin,
John Aitken proved in 1885, Arthur J. Hubbard described a dew pond in his book
Neolithic Dew-Ponds and Cattleways (1907), situation in a sufficiently dry
soil, will always contains water. The water is not derived from springs or
rainfall, and is speedily lost if even the smallest rivulet is allowed to flow
into the pond.
"The gang of dew-pond makers commence operations by hollowing out the earth for
a space far in excess of the apparent requirements of the proposed pond. They
then thickly cover the whole of the hollow with a coating of dry straw. The
straw in turn is covered by a layer of well-chosen, finely puddled clay, and
the upper surface of the clay is then closely strewn with stones. Care has to
be taken that the margin of the straw is effectively protected by clay. The
pond will eventually become filled with water, the more rapidly the larger it
is, even though no rain may fall. If such a structure is situated on the summit
of a down, during the warmth of a summer day the earth will have stored a
considerable amount of heat, while the pond, protected from this heat by the
non-conductivity of the straw, is at the same time chilled by the process of
evaporation from the puddled clay. The consequence is that during the night the
warm air is condensed on the surface of the cold clay. As the condensation
during the night is in excess of the evaporation during the day, the pond
becomes, night by night, gradually filled. Theoretically, we may observe that
during the day, the air being comparatively charged with moisture, evaporation
is necessarily less than the precipitation during the night. In practice it is
found that the pond will constantly yield a supply of the purest water.
"The dew pond will cease to attract the dew if the layer of straw should get
wet, as it then becomes of the same temperature as the surrounding earth, and
ceases to be a non- conductor of heat. This practically always occurs if a
spring is allowed to flow into the pond, or if the layer of clay (technically
called the 'crust') is pierced."
Additional construction details were explained in Scientific American (May
1934):
"An essential feature of the dew-pond is its impervious bottom, enabling it to
retain all the water it gathers, except what is lost by evaporation, drunk by
cattle, or withdrawn by man. The mode of construction varies in some details.
The bottom commonly consists of a layer of puddled chalk or clay, over which is
strewn a layer of rubble to prevent perforation by the hoofs of animals. A
layer of straw is often added, above or below the chalk or clay. The ponds may
measure from 30 to 70 feet across, and the depth does not exceed three or four
feet.? (Figures 39 & 40)(Ref. 19)dewpond0.gif 1dewpond.gif
( Photo: Chris Drury )
Edward A. Martin also described their construction in his book Dew Ponds
(London, 1917). In particular, he notes that in order to ram the clay and
puddle the surface, horses are driven round and through the pond for several
hours. The base of the pond is planted with grass; without grass, the pond
dries up. Trees and brush are planted around the pond to provide shade.
The simplest form of dew pond is used in Cornwall, where areas of about 40
square feet are prepared on mountain slopes by coating the ground with clay and
surrounding it with a small wall. The clay is covered with a thick layer of
straw that collects dew during the night. Straw is said to be more effective
than grass for the purpose. Since the straw is moist both day and night, it
rots quickly and must be replaced frequently.(Ref. 20)
In his book, The Naturalist on the Thames, published circa 1900, C. J. Cornish
gave a description of British dew ponds, excerpted here:
?The dew ponds, so called because they are believed to be fed by dew and
vapours, and not by rain, have kept their water, while the deeper ponds in the
valleys have often failed. The shepherds on the downs are careful observers of
these ponds, because if they run dry they have to take their sheep to a
distance or draw water for them from very deep wells. They maintain that there
are on the downs some dew ponds which have never been known to run dry. Others
which do run dry do so because the bottom is injured by driving sheep into them
and so perforating the bed when the water is shallow, and not from the failure
of the invisible means of supply. There seem to be two sources whence these
ponds draw water, the dew and the fogs...
?The fogs will draw up the hollows towards the ponds, and hang densely round
them. Fog and dew may or may not come together; but generally there is a heavy
dew deposit on the grass when a fog lies on the hills. After such fogs, though
rain may not have fallen for a month, and there is no water channel or spring
near the dew pond, the water in it rises prodigiously...
?The shepherds say that it is always well to have one or two trees hanging over
the pond, for that these distil the water from the fog. This is certainly the
case. The drops may be heard raining on to the surface in heavy mists.?
Cornish quoted Gilbert White?s Journal of May, 1775:??[I]t appears that the
small and even the considerable ponds in the vales are now dried up, but the
small ponds on the very tops of the hills are but little affected?. Can this
difference be accounted for by evaporation alone, which is certainly more
prevalent in the bottoms? Or, rather, have not these elevated pools some
unnoticed recruits, which in the night time counterbalance the waste of the
day? " These unnoticed recruits, though it is now certain that they come in the
form of those swimming vapours from which little moisture seems to fall, are
enlisted by means still not certainly known. The common explanation was that
the cool surface of the water condensed the dew, just as the surface of a glass
of iced water condenses moisture. The ponds are always made artificially in the
first instance, and puddled with clay and chalk.
?Mr. Clement Reid? notes his own experiences of the best sites for dew ponds.
They should, he thinks, be sheltered on the south-west by an overhanging tree.
In those he is acquainted with the tree is often only a stunted, ivy-covered
thorn or oak, or a bush of holly, or else the southern bank is high enough to
give shadow. ?When one of these ponds is examined in the middle of a hot
summer's day?, he adds, ?it would appear that the few inches of water in it
could only last a week. But in early morning, or towards evening, or whenever a
sea-mist drifts in, there is a continuous drip from the smooth leaves of the
overhanging tree. There appears also to be a considerable amount of
condensation on the surface of the water itself, though the roads may be quite
dry and dusty. In fact, whenever there is dew on the grass the pond is
receiving moisture?.
?Though this is evidently the case, no one has explained how it comes about
that the pond surface receives so very much more moisture than the grass. The
heaviest dew or fog would not deposit an inch, or even two inches, of water
over an area of grass equal to that of the pond. None of the current theories
of dew deposits quite explain this very interesting question. Two lines of
inquiry seem to be suggested, which might be pursued side by side. These are
the quantities distilled or condensed on the ponds, and the means by which it
is done; and secondly, the kind of tree which, in Gilbert White's phrase, forms
the best "alembic" for distilling water from fog at all times of the year. It
seems certain that the tree is an important piece of machinery in aid of such
ponds, though many remain well supplied without one.?
Another form of dew pond was invented by S.B. Russell in the 1920s. According
to the description in Popular Science (September 1922), "A dew reservoir 30
feet square will collect 24,000 gallons of water in a year, or an average of
120 gallons daily during the hot summer months and 50 gallons daily for the
remainder of the year...
"The Russell reservoir consists of a concrete cistern about 5 feet deep, with
sloping concrete roof, above which is a protective fence of corrugated iron
which aids in collecting and condensing vapor on the roof and prevents
evaporation by the wind. The floor of the cistern is flush with the ground,
while sloping banks of earth around the sides lead up to the roof.
"Moisture draining into the reservoir from the low side of the roof maintains
the roof at a lower temperature than the atmosphere, thus assuring continuous
condensation.
"At one side of the reservoir is a concrete basin set in the ground. By means
of a ball valve, this basin is automatically kept full of water drawn from the
reservoir." (Figure 41)(Ref 21)
Figure 41 ~ Russell's Dew Pond: russell0.gif
- fog-fence nfo (most needed only):
- - airwells.txt: rexrearch.com, see notes.txt for clips?
- - airwell2.txt: -patents, do:
- - bagel.txt: bagelhole.org dew-ponds
- - include mold, grain, brick txt files here: -see ' subject-files '
- - - - - end of txt paragraph-clips -
- - - instead of ' pulling-apart ' every txt i will gather paragraph-clips that
relate to a subject:
1.air and dew-collecting concepts:
2.known device types, responses:
3.my ideas based on 1, 2, materials (seen below)
-then you can locate that paragraph using the clip. (full txt is not here.)
reminder: how to study: 1.collect all available info that may help, even if its
just an allagory or parable, it might have a conclusion that your problem
dosnt. 2. mix or sort gathered info to get new ideas. 3. test ideas for valid
answers. the court needs proof, not hear-say. rulers and courts that are a
terror to good works, are not rulers, but theives.
- - - - clips collected by subject:
- - - 1.air and dew-collecting concepts:
- dew-link.txt: ...
- notes2.txt: random nfo: mystory - people - factors - physics..., if drop of
water with a radius of more than critical..., during night time water vapour
very often is unstable and..., temperature in May-October makes
27-300C...,Coastal'breeze-circulation' is a key process of Feodosian...,
Advantages: This resource of fresh water...,
- 1c-2.txt: read till:proof-of-concept model..., other tools available or
concept-study: photovoltaic cells, windmills, super-insulated frigerators.
after fresh water supply is secured: storage, sanitation, bacteria, wise
use:hydroponics, showers, powers. area in Chile...,
- 1c-5.htm: case by D. Beysens and I. Milimouk: abstract, intro, main.
abstract:This paper describes methods of obtaining..., solar stills can be used
to desalinate seawater..., Air: nitrogen 78% , oxygen 21%, varying amounts of
water in vapour form depending on its temperature and pressure. amount of water
in air is calculated from..., fog:Fog-nets work best were?: coastal deserts,
eg. W.Africa -Namibia, S.America -Chile and Peru, ocean humidity condenses as
fog on the mid-range mountains 500m most of the year, as a thick(area, devices,
results)..., All it takes is for the substrate's temp to fall to below dew
temp, the temp at which water vapour is over-saturated and changes into liquid
water. Fig.2- explained above. Dominant factors: A substrate's temp (much
detail)..., Thus, two main categories of dew condenser can be
identified...(save for 2.known device types?),
Within the tower was a "puits a,rien", or "aerial well", which was nine metres
high and (zibold method\style and successor nfo and observations, much nfo)...
contact between the pebbles. The condensation mass to surface ratio proved to
be important. The new "ideal" dew condenser theory: It must be light so that it
cools down quickly at night(Fig. 2). In fact it is like grass..., Radiative
aerial condensers: The yield of radiative cooling condensers is limited by the
radiated night power,which is in the region of 25 to 150 Watts/my. Ideally, if
all this power were used to condense (many device examples)... condenser's
architecture with regard to wind use, since the wind carries the water vapour
necessary for the condenser to operate, but also heats it and can completely
prevent condensation from occurring. University of Corsica's Vignola laboratory
near Ajaccio: The quantity of dew settling on a standard 0.16my plate is
weighed continuously and compared to the theory which requires simultaneous
local temperature, humidity and wind speed readings to be carried out on-site.
The Vignola results are chemically analysed to (much nfo on it)..., Seawater
condensers: a heat exchanger cooled by deep-sea water (typically pumped from a
depth of 500m, at..., Adsorption-desorption on desiccants: silica aerogels,
zeolites, adsorb atmospheric water at ambient temperature. For regeneration,
the desiccant needs to be heated to 150-300oC. The water vapour is then
recovered by...,
klaphake.txt: Wolf Klaphake... When air is saturated with water vapor, it
rains, and one should be inclined to think that the air is saturated, when it
cannot take up any more water. This conception is wrong, for air can contain
almost any amount of water, providing it is presented to it in the right form.
Air, having..., It is said that air is saturated with water vapor when the air
is above a flat surface of the same temperature, and when the same number of
water molecules leave the surface as return to it, but when the surface of the
water is convex towards the air..., air above Europe would yield a rainfall
less than one inch per day. The high rainfall of that continent is due...,
current rises. This is, however, only one factor in rain-making...,
condensation there takes place in the form of dew, and the circumstances are
very similar to those in higher regions. Dew is condensed humidity and is
deposited chiefly on objects which are..., does dew rise or fall? Aristotle
says the dew fell. Charles Wells "Essays on Dew" 1814. showed dew fell. John
Aitken (1) 1880, showed..., Aitken calls attention to the water drops on the
leaves, in the morning sun. a striking example that dew..., Thus figures for
annual depth of water fallen as dew differ considerably. Loesche estimates the
amount of dew for a single night on the West African coast at 3 mm, equal to
one-eighth of an inch. On the Desertas, uninhabited islands near Madeira, dew
falls so heavily that sometimes rivulets run down...,
-The amount of dew collected by different materials is largely due to their
nature. W.C. Wells gives a list of materials according to their capacity for
collecting dew. By far the highest effect was found with swan's down, then flax
and cotton, followed by silk, paper, straw, wool, earth, charcoal, glass-sand,
river-sand, chalk powder --- a list which runs roughly parallel to the specific
heats of the materials names.
-However, it is improbable that the humidity of the air is only condensed on
the surface of the earth; it certainly is absorbed in great quantities, too.
Beside the plants, which are able to absorb water from the air with their
leaves, the soil absorbs it as well. Ginestous (2) has shown that in the
northern...,
(a study of analysis tools themselves tells you somthing) ...nuclei are
essential for the condensation of water from the air, either in form of dew or
of rain, but it is not yet clear how a nucleus is to be understood and how it
works. Aitken invented a simple apparatus by..., Is it possible to make rain?
Everybody has heard of the attempts to produce rain by firing shells against
the sky, by exploding dynamite, by blowing sand or chemicals, with or without
electric charges, into the clouds..., One method: N.Mexico consist of
desert-like plains, partly overgrown with cacti. Under certain conditions,
which appear to be great heat, no wind, and a cloudless sky, the Indians set
the cacti afire..., Canary Islands, obtaining water by shaking the trees in the
morning and collecting..., the rustics smooth the surface of the slop of a
mountain by means of clay, thus preparing an area of about 40 sq ft, which they
surround with a small wall. This area is covered with a thick layer of straw.
During the night the straw collects dew as grass does, but..., construction,
many varieties. Generally: a saucer-shaped... (save for 2.known device types?).
The principle is simple. In India and other tropical climates(make one?), rooms
are..., this is the reason why the buildings of ancient times were situated on
the tops of the hills..., The outer wall is made of concrete to be able to take
up a great amount of thermal units, the inner surface consists of sandstone or
any other porous material. The building produces water during the day and cools
itself during the night; when the sun rises...,
-! The essential principle in obtaining water from the air has thus been shown
to be --- a great..., He transferred the principle of this tube to a building,
shaped...,
- notes3.txt: - -Reginald E. Newell (M.I.T.)found 10 huge "atmospheric rivers,
-Dew ponds still be found on the highest ridges of...(described with
observations), pyramidal concrete structure was...(gif + observations), (USP
#4,351,651):"A heat exchanger at or near subsurface temperature...(details +
gif),1950s Henri Coanda, method to produce pure water from saline..., The
Aqua-Cycle, by William Madison..., Fog-Fences: 1945, Theodore Schumann, a
unique cloud-condenser..., Marks calculated that if the wind averaged 25 mph, a
mile of fence would generate...(gif), System, by Meredith Gourdine has been
used at Los Angeles and..., gapped air jets laden with electrically charged
droplets of low mobility..., "fog trap" at Chungungo, Chile. A group of 50
fog-traps made of plastic mesh (2,000 gal. daily)..., ideal locations for fog
traps, references, updates of notes2.txt and 3-06dirz.txt are on flop 11-10
- notes.txt: of airwells.txt? same as notes3.txt but appears to have more or
defferet cocepts and details of devices dew, dew-ponds, fog-fence nfo not
added, see airwells.txt?
- airwells.txt:
- airwell2.txt: -patents,
- bagel.txt:
- - - 2.known device types, responses:
(the clips here could be much smaller if you are looking for them as key-words
in the txt it was from.)
- dew-link.txt: ...
- notes2.txt: 1e-7.htm: content: device: Feodosian type..., water was bridged
to them by gravity through 'potter-pipes', which went...,
Coastal'breeze-circulation' is a key process of Feodosian types...,
ways2maximize output(view full 1e-7)..., tests: built a small such device: This
was a proof-of-concept model..., this prototype was able to condense water at
rates from 1 cup to 1 quart of water per hour. heater core dimensions 6"x8"x2",
but..., e-frigerators (types compared)..., Carlos Espinoza of the Northern
University of Chile. He created a prototype condenser unit consisting of 1300
vertical..., a machine that just sits in the sun, drawing the heat and
power..., Real Goods device in African villages. machine has coils (nfo
fig)..., other tools available or concept-study: photovoltaic cells, windmills,
super-insulated frigerators...,
1c-5.htm: case by D. Beysens and I. Milimouk: abstract, intro, main.
abstract:This paper describes methods of obtaining..., solar stills can be used
to desalinate seawater..., Radiative aerial condensers: The yield of radiative
cooling condensers is limited by the radiated night power,which is in the
region of 25 to 150 Watts/my. Ideally, if all this power were used to condense
(many device examples)... condenser's architecture with regard to wind use,
since the wind carries the water vapour necessary for the condenser to operate,
but also heats it and can completely prevent..., Seawater condensers: a heat
exchanger cooled by deep-sea water (typically pumped from a depth of 500m,
at..., (a study of analysis tools themselves tells you somthing) ...nuclei are
essential for the condensation of water from the air, either in form of dew or
of rain, but it is not yet clear how a nucleus is to be understood and how it
works. Aitken invented a simple apparatus by..., the straw collects dew as
grass does, but..., construction, many varieties. Generally: a saucer-shaped
mould covered with a layer of straw, on top of which a layer of puddled clay is
rammed, the latter being frequently protected by stones or chalk. Martin info:
ramming the clay carefully..., Italians have tried since the Great War, to
create a water supply from the atmosphere. They have built high walls of mud
bricks with sloping sides, both of which they covered with smooth, condensing
surfaces. At the bases of either side, troughs or channels are fitted
running..., Foggaras of the Sahara Desert are elaborate constructions,
consisting of..., before the Roman Empire, whole townships relied on water
condensed from air, many descriptions in old books. reading Maimonides a
Spaniard who lived roughly 1000 years ago, a description of Palestine...,
The principle is simple. In India and other tropical climates(make one?), rooms
are found in houses which have very thick walls and small windows right under
the ceiling. These rooms are remarkably cool, and that is understandable,
for..., At first the process was tried by insulating a room (get full nfo)...
were tried, but that finally adopted was a sugarloaf shaped building, about 50
ft high, with..., The conclusion of this is --- that a big heap of stones would
do the same thing as the above-described buildings. The last experiments in
Yugoslavia followed this line, where one did produce a small amount of
water.This process used..., he calls "siphon atmospherique monobranche", and
it has proven successful, as its use is simple, cheap, and effective. He
transferred the principle of this tube to a building, shaped similar to the
above proposition, and erected a big experimental "Puits Aerien"...,
-cherk.htm: Aleksandra Pasyeka, Ukraine: Left unaddressed, these shortages
could lead to hunger, civil unrest, and even wars over water. potential
political instability. (many figures and possibilities)
- notes3.txt: content: cause, purpose, files used: bagel.txt:
clips from each paragraph of notes3.txt: Air Wells & Dew Ponds rexresearch.com
See also: Wolf Klaphake. Humans need..., Reginald E. Newell (M.I.T.)found 10
huge "atmospheric rivers, -Dew ponds still be found on the highest ridges of
England's bleak Sussex Downs and on...(described with observations), details in
Scientific American (May 1934):"An essential feature of the dew-pond
is...(gif), Another form by S.B. Russell in the 1920s. Popular
Science(September 1922)popsci.com:"A dew reservoir 30 feet square will
collect...(gif), 1930 Belgian inventor Achille Knapen built an "air well" atop
a 600-foot high hill at Trans-en-Provence in France.18 months to complete.
described...(gif), Leon Chaptal built at Montpellier 1929. The pyramidal
concrete structure was...(gif + observations), -Calice Courneya patented an air
well
in 1982 (USP #4,351,651):"A heat exchanger at or near subsurface
temperature...(details + gif), 1950s Henri Coanda, method to produce pure water
from saline. a big silo with reflective walls, mounted several inches over a
tidal pool. silo angled to catch and multiply the sunlight, this superheats
the...(patent + gif), space station Mir , The
Aqua-Cycle, by William Madison, was introduced in 1992: It resembles a drinking
fountain and..., Fog-Fences: 1945, Theodore Schumann, a unique cloud-condenser
on top of 3,000 ft. Table Mountain, Capetown. design: two large parallel
fences of wire netting, one insulated and one grounded, which would...(gif),
Alvin Marks invented the "Power Fence" to generate electricity from the wind by
means of a charged aerosol which was dispersed from microscopic holes in the
tubing of the fence. Marks calculated that if the wind averaged 25 mph, a mile
of fence would generate...(gif), EGD Fog Dispersal System, by Meredith Gourdine
has been used at Los Angeles and Ontario International
Airports and by the Air Force since 1986. The system uses an electrically
charged mist that is sprayed into the fog over runways, thus...,
similar:Hendricus Loos (USP 4,475,927):"[The system consists of] gapped air
jets laden with electrically charged droplets of low mobility, a ground corona
guard in the form of a shallow water-and-oil basin, and..., "fog trap" at
Chungungo, Chile. A group of 50 fog-traps made of plastic mesh stand atop a
2,600 ft. mountain and collect up to 2,000 gallons daily. Walter Canto,
said..., ideal locations for fog traps, references, updates of notes2.txt and
3-06dirz.txt are on flop 11-10 of set#8 of 17 sets
- notes.txt: of airwells.txt? same as notes3.txt but appears to have more or
defferet cocepts and details of devices dew, dew-ponds, fog-fence nfo not
added, see airwells.txt?
- airwells.txt: rexrearch.com
- airwell2.txt: -patents,
- bagel.txt: bagelhole.org dew-ponds
- - - ideas from 1, 2, for my area
3.my ideas based on 1, 2, materials in my area, location, weather,
micro-climate activity of the area of the device. note:wilderness-survival book
says animals wear paths that avoid air-currents in a field or gorge? see
tawrell camping 'weather' air flows night day lake-sides other where to pitch
tent, how, what direction.
- - - devices identified while reading txt: (see pics instead?)
- - notes2.txt:
- 1e-7.htm: special 'synthetical-net' used as collectors. this method tested
in 47 regions...Objective of the project is to implement the method of
condensation developed at the F. of Geogr. MSU for arid regions of the world.
- 1c-2.htm:
- Propane friges,
- Solar-powered frigers work on either principle. Solar-electric can run
e-fridges or solar-heated pipes and frig- materials can be employed in much
the same way as a propane refrigerator. solar-power: 1sq.m of earth k.watt per
day. Most as heat. low pollute.
- The Real Goods Corporation sells a solar-powered icemaker. -uses Ammonia
Absorption Cycle, and uses solar heat to store energy in the form of
high-pressure ammonia. At night...(details),
- In fact, air-conditioners in homes, offices, and automobiles are running
condenser setups, but they don't bother to collect the water. mix both goals?
cool-air+water!
- Large universities and some municipalities use Fig.2. -condense.jpg. A
"chilled water plant" pipes cold water to...(detail)...
- Utilizing solar heat and the Ammonia Absorption Cycle, we can get the best of
both worlds. no fossil-fuels.
- Another example: Carlos Espinoza of the Northern University of Chile. He
created a prototype condenser unit consisting of 1300 vertical
- a machine that just sits in the sun, drawing the heat and power it needs to
create the cold to run a condenser able to draw water from the air night and
day? -fantasy and disguises info skipped-
- Real Goods device in African villages. machine has coils used to generate
cold to make ice. Modifing coils to...
-- 1c-5.htm: case by D. Beysens and I. Milimouk: abstract, intro, main.
abstract:This paper describes methods of obtaining fresh water. recovery of:
- !! atmospheric humidity, fog and water vapour, seawater desalination, fog
recovery, condensation water vapour (dew)past, new higher yields. Adsorption
processes using regenerative desiccants are considered.
- evaporate the salted water and condense the water vapour on a pane of glass
at outside air temperature. -byproduct: much brine.
- - end of list identifing differnt devices in text
- - - best looking pics, a visual method for finding a device for my situation:
collected and selected:
-only pics related to dew and dew collecting shown: (this section grew well, so
it was removed, and became my-wapic.txt on 4-16-06)
- - dew306 study has many pics of devices elsewhere, eg airwell + 2, bagel.htm,
-search and display:
temp\temp\read-me\all17.txt present free-spots: 1-4 -if, 2-6 -if, 4-8 dew306,
9-7=airwell2
10?-3=733kf, 14-1=ms0dw306.zip, 3-4airwell, 6-7=699kf
- - 4-13-06 update of flop-set locations: 5 7 8 15 b-l dro of mdl-rm, 1 9 19 11
n b dro of mdl-rm, 3 4 12 13 14 n mdl-dro of bak-rm , 2 6 n pur-box , 16 17 n
yl gam-box
flops with dew306 content: 9-7 3-9? 4-7 3-4 14-1, see free-spots also.
five flops with dew306 data:
key: ! = device,
Directory of C:\TEMP\temp\4-06\9th
[.] [..] MY-WABAK.TXT MY-WATER.TXT
11GIF.TXT
11JPG.TXT NOTES2~1.LNK MS-DOS~1.PIF F9-7.TXT
[F9-7]
DIRZ.TXT [F4-7] [F4-8] [F14-1]
[F3-4]
8 file(s) 92,472 bytes
Directory of C:\TEMP\temp\4-06\9th\f14-1
[.] [..] HOW2HTM.TXT ---15TH-.---
---1-C15.---
--BRICK-.--- --GRAIN-.--- --AIRWL2.B-- KEEP.HTM
KEEP2.HTM
MY.HTM 1-1M.TXT 1A-12M.TXT 1A-7M.TXT
1C-3M.TXT
1D-14M.TXT 1D-ANGM.TXT 2B-2M.TXT 3-06DIRZ.TXT
3-1M.TXT
3D-10TM.TXT 3D-12M.TXT 3D-13M.TXT 3D-14M.TXT
AIRWELSM.TXT
AIRWL2PM.TXT BAGELM.TXT DEW-LINK.TXT DIRZ.TXT
DW-LK-BK.TXT
---11---.--- NOTES.TXT NOTES2.TXT NOTES3.TXT
NOTES4.TXT
READ-MEE.TXT HYD21306.ZIP MS0DW306.ZIP
36 file(s) 1,436,872 bytes
Directory of C:\TEMP\temp\4-06\9th\f3-4
[.] [..] 37409590.GIF! AIRWELLS.HTM
0HAILSTP.GIF
0MICHAUD.GIF 0SALTER0.GIF 18165920.GIF! 1DEWPOND.GIF!
1DUBOS00.GIF
1HAIGHT0.GIF 1KNAPEN0.GIF! 1ORGTREV.GIF 1VIGNOLA.GIF!
1ZIBOLD0.GIF!
21904480.GIF! 27612920.GIF 2761292B.GIF! 27791770.GIF!
28035910.GIF!
2AHAIGHT.GIF 2ORGONE0.JPG 2WELLS00.GIF 34005000.GIF!
AIRW-BAK.HTM
38895520.GIF! 39400600.GIF! 3ORGUN00.JPG 42063960.GIF!
4206396A.GIF!
42340370.GIF! 43155990.GIF! 43516510.GIF! 44759270.GIF
45065100.GIF!
5275643B.GIF! 54837980.GIF! 56262900.GIF! 58462A00.GIF!
68235200.GIF!
682352A0.GIF! AIRWELL1.GIF! ATMORIVR.GIF CHAPTAL0.GIF!
COURNEYA.GIF!
DEWPOND0.GIF! ELTOFO00.JPG! FOGTOFO0.JPG! HAARP000.JPG
KNAPEN10.GIF!
RUSSELL0.GIF! SCHUMANN.GIF! TMT10000.JPG VAPAIR00.JPG!
MS-DOS~1.PIF
AIRWELLS.TXT BLOG-ME.TXT READ-ME.TXT RPOLICE.TXT
UK-ISLAM.TXT
58 file(s) 1,424,234 bytes
Directory of C:\TEMP\temp\4-06\9th\f4-7
[.] [..] 3D-10TM.TXT --------.---
---11---.---
---15---.--- --1C-15-.--- -AIRWL2B.--- --BRICK-.---
--DEW306.---
--GRAIN-.--- KEEP.HTM KEEP2.HTM MY.HTM
COMMAND.COM
AUTOEXEC.BAT CONFIG.SYS 1-1M.TXT 1A-12M.TXT
1A-7M.TXT
1C-3M.TXT 1D-14M.TXT 1D-ANGM.TXT 2B-2M.TXT
3-06DIRZ.TXT
3-1M.TXT [VIK2] 3D-12M.TXT 3D-13M.TXT
3D-14M.TXT
AIRWELSM.TXT AIRWL2PM.TXT BAGELM.TXT DEW-LINK.TXT
DIRZ.TXT
DW-LK-BK.TXT HOW2HTM.TXT NOTES.TXT NOTES2.TXT
NOTES3.TXT
NOTES4.TXT READ-MEE.TXT MSYS-5.ZIP MY93TXT.ZIP
WS0DW306.ZIP
42 file(s) 1,095,248 bytes
Directory of C:\TEMP\temp\4-06\9th\f4-7\vik2
[.] [..]
0 file(s) 0 bytes
Directory of C:\TEMP\temp\4-06\9th\f4-8
[.] [..] 00500000.GIF! --BRICK-.---
--GRAIN-.---
--OPUR--.--- ---V----.--- -BELOW-H.ERE 00100000.GIF!
00200000.GIF!
00300000.GIF! 00400000.GIF! --------.--- 00600000.GIF!
00700000.GIF!
00800000.GIF 00900000.GIF! 01000000.GIF! 1WELLS00.JPG
27462TN0.JPG
7CTABLE1.JPG 7CTABLE2.JPG 91920031.JPG! 91920032.JPG!
91920039.JPG!
9192003A.JPG! 9192003B.JPG! 9192003C.JPG! 9192003D.JPG!
BUEE0000.JPG
CONDCHAP.JPG! CONDENSE.GIF! COND-VIG.JPG! CONDZIB1.JPG!
EARTH-SH.JPG!
EXTREMES.GIF HYDROLOG.JPG IMAGE113.GIF IMAGE115.GIF
IMAGE116.GIF
IMAGE59-.GIF IMAGE60-.GIF IMAGE61-.GIF IMAGE620.GIF
IMAGE63-.GIF
IMAGE64-.GIF IMAGE-DE.JPG! LIBRARY0.GIF MASONRYS.GIF
MENUDOT0.GIF
OIKOS_LO.GIF OIKOSBAN.GIF OIKOSBAO.GIF OPR20001.GIF
OZONACTI.GIF
PHEN2A00.JPG! PHENO100.JPG! PREVENTI.GIF PRINTER0.GIF
PRODUCTS.GIF
RI000000.JPG RI000001.JPG RI000002.JPG RI000003.JPG
RI000004.JPG
RI000005.JPG RI000006.JPG RIGHTFIL.GIF ROSEE300.JPG
ROSEE400.JPG
SEARCH00.GIF SITESEAR.GIF WHEAT000.JPG -PRINT--.NO-
DIR.TXT
DIRZ.TXT PIC-PNT.TXT PRINT.TXT READ-ME.TXT
77 file(s) 1,269,653 bytes
Directory of C:\TEMP\temp\4-06\9th\f9-7 ! all !
[.] [..] SCRIP-MU.TXT OOG-RE.TXT
AT-LIB~1.TXT
PLANT2ME.ZIP OOG-ME.TXT FR281308.GIF 1142835.GIF
18165920.GIF
1HAIGHT.GIF 21386800.GIF 24629500.GIF 2761292B.GIF
319778.GIF
34005000.GIF 38895520.GIF 41463A00.GIF 41859A00.GIF
4206396A.GIF
42193A00.GIF 42421100.GIF 42857A00.GIF 43035770.GIF
43425A00.GIF
43459A00.GIF 43516510.GIF 43746A00.GIF 43773A00.GIF
44335520.GIF
44759270.GIF 47268A00.GIF 5275643B.GIF 5357865.GIF
5626290.GIF
5729981.GIF 58462A.GIF 6490879.GIF 6644060.GIF
CH6082.GIF
DE19734.GIF DE3313.GIF AIRWEL2.HTM JP43161.GIF
K2400000.GIF
M3000000.GIF M3100000.GIF M3200000.GIF MICHAUD.GIF
RU22354.GIF
US040165.GIF US445917.GIF US6574.GIF US6869.GIF
WO04029.GIF
WO3104.GIF AIRWELLP.TXT
55 file(s) 1,438,293 bytes
Total files listed:
276 file(s) 6,756,772 bytes
20 dir(s) 49,328,128 bytes free
- report-update to ' Mr. X ', to explain purpose, findings, next step. see my-wateb.txt for next steps.
-no end-
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